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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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2 <HTML
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3 ><HEAD
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4 ><TITLE
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5 >Macros</TITLE
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6 ><META
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7 NAME="GENERATOR"
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
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9 REL="HOME"
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10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
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11 HREF="index.html"><LINK
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12 REL="UP"
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13 TITLE="LWASM"
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14 HREF="c43.html"><LINK
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15 REL="PREVIOUS"
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16 TITLE="Assembler Directives"
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17 HREF="x173.html"><LINK
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18 REL="NEXT"
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19 TITLE="Object Files and Sections"
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21 ><BODY
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26 VLINK="#840084"
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27 ALINK="#0000FF"
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28 ><DIV
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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30 ><TABLE
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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32 WIDTH="100%"
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33 BORDER="0"
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34 CELLPADDING="0"
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35 CELLSPACING="0"
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36 ><TR
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37 ><TH
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38 COLSPAN="3"
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39 ALIGN="center"
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH
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41 ></TR
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42 ><TR
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43 ><TD
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44 WIDTH="10%"
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45 ALIGN="left"
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46 VALIGN="bottom"
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47 ><A
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48 HREF="x173.html"
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49 ACCESSKEY="P"
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50 >Prev</A
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51 ></TD
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52 ><TD
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53 WIDTH="80%"
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54 ALIGN="center"
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55 VALIGN="bottom"
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
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57 ><TD
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58 WIDTH="10%"
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59 ALIGN="right"
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60 VALIGN="bottom"
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61 ><A
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62 HREF="x467.html"
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63 ACCESSKEY="N"
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64 >Next</A
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65 ></TD
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66 ></TR
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67 ></TABLE
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68 ><HR
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69 ALIGN="LEFT"
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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71 ><DIV
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72 CLASS="SECTION"
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73 ><H1
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74 CLASS="SECTION"
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75 ><A
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76 NAME="AEN445"
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77 >3.7. Macros</A
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78 ></H1
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79 ><P
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80 >LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a
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81 series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other
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82 assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding
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83 additional assembler directives.</P
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84 ><P
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85 >Macros my accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within
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86 a macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first
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87 through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the
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88 decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). These parameter references
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89 are replaced with the verbatim text of the parameter passed to the macro. A
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90 reference to a non-existent parameter will be replaced by an empty string.
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91 Macro parameters are expanded everywhere on each source line. That means
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92 the parameter to a macro could be used as a symbol or it could even appear
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93 in a comment or could cause an entire source line to be commented out
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94 when the macro is expanded.</P
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95 ><P
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96 >Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list
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97 is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace
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98 may be included in a macro parameter.</P
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99 ><P
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100 >Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are
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101 expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler
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102 hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be
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103 the reason.</P
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104 ><P
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105 >Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not
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106 inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context
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107 the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols
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108 within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or
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109 outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol
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110 as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do
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111 as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context
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112 rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either
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113 an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results.</P
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114 ><P
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115 >Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All
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116 macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate
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117 namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name
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118 as a macro.</P
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119 ><P
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120 >Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also
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121 only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro
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122 definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used.</P
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123 ><P
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124 >The following directives are used when defining macros.</P
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125 ><P
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126 ></P
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127 ><DIV
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128 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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129 ><DL
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130 ><DT
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131 ><CODE
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132 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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133 >macroname</CODE
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134 > MACRO</DT
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135 ><DD
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136 ><P
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137 >This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called
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138 <CODE
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139 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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140 >macroname</CODE
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141 >. If <CODE
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142 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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143 >macroname</CODE
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144 > already
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145 exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a
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146 macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not
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147 be relied upon.</P
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148 ></DD
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149 ><DT
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150 >ENDM</DT
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151 ><DD
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152 ><P
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153 >This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It
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154 causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal.</P
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155 ></DD
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156 ></DL
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157 ></DIV
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158 ></DIV
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159 ><DIV
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160 CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
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161 ><HR
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169 ><TR
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170 ><TD
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171 WIDTH="33%"
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172 ALIGN="left"
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173 VALIGN="top"
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174 ><A
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175 HREF="x173.html"
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176 ACCESSKEY="P"
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177 >Prev</A
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178 ></TD
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181 ALIGN="center"
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182 VALIGN="top"
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186 >Home</A
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202 VALIGN="top"
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203 >Assembler Directives</TD
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204 ><TD
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205 WIDTH="34%"
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206 ALIGN="center"
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207 VALIGN="top"
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211 >Up</A
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217 >Object Files and Sections</TD
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