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annotate doc/manual.docbook.sgml @ 146:6c0a30278982
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109 | 1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"> |
2 <book> | |
3 <bookinfo> | |
4 <title>LW Tool Chain</title> | |
5 <author><firstname>William</firstname><surname>Astle</surname></author> | |
6 <copyright><year>2009</year><holder>William Astle</holder></copyright> | |
7 </bookinfo> | |
8 <chapter> | |
9 | |
10 <title>Introduction</title> | |
11 | |
12 <para> | |
13 The LW tool chain provides utilities for building binaries for MC6809 and | |
14 HD6309 CPUs. The tool chain includes a cross-assembler and a cross-linker | |
15 which support several styles of output. | |
16 </para> | |
17 | |
18 <section> | |
19 <title>History</title> | |
20 <para> | |
21 For a long time, I have had an interest in creating an operating system for | |
22 the Coco3. I finally started working on that project around the beginning of | |
23 2006. I had a number of assemblers I could choose from. Eventually, I settled | |
24 on one and started tinkering. After a while, I realized that assembler was not | |
25 going to be sufficient due to lack of macros and issues with forward references. | |
26 Then I tried another which handled forward references correctly but still did | |
27 not support macros. I looked around at other assemblers and they all lacked | |
28 one feature or another that I really wanted for creating my operating system. | |
29 </para> | |
30 | |
31 <para> | |
32 The solution seemed clear at that point. I am a fair programmer so I figured | |
33 I could write an assembler that would do everything I wanted an assembler to | |
34 do. Thus the LWASM probject was born. After more than two years of on and off | |
35 work, version 1.0 of LWASM was released in October of 2008. | |
36 </para> | |
37 | |
38 <para> | |
39 As the aforementioned operating system project progressed further, it became | |
40 clear that while assembling the whole project through a single file was doable, | |
41 it was not practical. When I found myself playing some fancy games with macros | |
42 in a bid to simulate sections, I realized I needed a means of assembling | |
43 source files separately and linking them later. This spawned a major development | |
44 effort to add an object file support to LWASM. It also spawned the LWLINK | |
45 project to provide a means to actually link the files. | |
46 </para> | |
47 | |
48 </section> | |
49 | |
50 </chapter> | |
51 | |
52 <chapter> | |
53 <title>Output Formats</title> | |
54 | |
55 <para> | |
56 The LW tool chain supports multiple output formats. Each format has its | |
57 advantages and disadvantages. Each format is described below. | |
58 </para> | |
59 | |
60 <section> | |
61 <title>Raw Binaries</title> | |
62 <para> | |
63 A raw binary is simply a string of bytes. There are no headers or other | |
64 niceties. Both LWLINK and LWASM support generating raw binaries. ORG directives | |
65 in the source code only serve to set the addresses that will be used for | |
66 symbols but otherwise have no direct impact on the resulting binary. | |
67 </para> | |
68 | |
69 </section> | |
70 <section> | |
71 <title>DECB Binaries</title> | |
72 | |
73 <para>A DECB binary is compatible with the LOADM command in Disk Extended | |
74 Color Basic on the CoCo. They are also compatible with CLOADM from Extended | |
75 Color Basic. These binaries include the load address of the binary as well | |
76 as encoding an execution address. These binaries may contain multiple loadable | |
77 sections, each of which has its own load address.</para> | |
78 | |
79 <para> | |
80 Each binary starts with a preamble. Each preamble is five bytes long. The | |
81 first byte is zero. The next two bytes specify the number of bytes to load | |
82 and the last two bytes specify the address to load the bytes at. Then, a | |
83 string of bytes follows. After this string of bytes, there may be another | |
84 preamble or a postamble. A postamble is also five bytes in length. The first | |
85 byte of the postamble is $FF, the next two are zero, and the last two are | |
86 the execution address for the binary. | |
87 </para> | |
88 | |
89 <para> | |
90 Both LWASM and LWLINK can output this format. | |
91 </para> | |
92 </section> | |
93 | |
94 <section> | |
95 <title>Object Files</title> | |
96 <para>LWASM supports generating a proprietary object file format which is | |
97 described in <xref linkend="objchap">. LWLINK is then used to link these | |
98 object files into a final binary in any of LWLINK's supported binary | |
99 formats.</para> | |
100 | |
101 <para>Object files are very flexible in that they allow references that are not | |
102 known at assembly time to be resolved at link time. However, because the | |
103 addresses of such references are not known, there is no way for the assembler | |
104 has to use sixteen bit addressing modes for these references. The linker | |
105 will always use sixteen bits when resolving a reference which means any | |
106 instruction that requires an eight bit operand cannot use external references. | |
107 </para> | |
108 | |
109 <para>Object files also support the concept of sections which are not valid | |
110 for other output types. This allows related code from each object file | |
111 linked to be collapsed together in the final binary.</para> | |
112 | |
113 </section> | |
114 | |
115 </chapter> | |
116 | |
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117 <chapter> |
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118 <title>LWASM</title> |
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119 <para> |
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120 The LWTOOLS assembler is called LWASM. This chapter documents the various |
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121 features of the assembler. It is not, however, a tutorial on 6x09 assembly |
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122 language programming. |
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123 </para> |
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124 |
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125 <section> |
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126 <title>Command Line Options</title> |
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127 <para> |
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128 The binary for LWASM is called "lwasm". Note that the binary is in lower |
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129 case. lwasm takes the following command line arguments. |
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130 </para> |
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131 |
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132 <variablelist> |
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133 <varlistentry> |
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134 <term><option>--decb</option></term> |
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135 <term><option>-b</option></term> |
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136 <listitem> |
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137 <para> |
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138 Select the DECB output format target. Equivalent to <option>--format=decb</option>. |
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139 </para> |
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140 </listitem> |
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141 </varlistentry> |
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142 |
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143 <varlistentry> |
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144 <term><option>--format=type</option></term> |
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145 <term><option>-f type</option></term> |
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146 <listitem> |
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147 <para> |
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148 Select the output format. Valid values are <option>obj</option> for the object |
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149 file target, <option>decb</option> for the DECB LOADM format, and <option>raw</option> |
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150 for a raw binary. |
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151 </para> |
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152 </listitem> |
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153 </varlistentry> |
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154 |
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155 |
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156 <varlistentry> |
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157 <term><option>--list[=file]</option></term> |
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158 <term><option>-l[file]</option></term> |
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159 <listitem> |
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160 <para> |
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161 Cause LWASM to generate a listing. If <option>file</option> is specified, |
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162 the listing will go to that file. Otherwise it will go to the standard output |
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163 stream. By default, no listing is generated. |
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164 </para> |
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165 </listitem> |
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166 </varlistentry> |
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167 |
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168 <varlistentry> |
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169 <term><option>--obj</option></term> |
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170 <listitem> |
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171 <para> |
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172 Select the proprietary object file format as the output target. |
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173 </para> |
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174 </listitem> |
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175 </varlistentry> |
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176 |
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177 <varlistentry> |
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178 <term><option>--pragma=pragma</option></term> |
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179 <term><option>-p pragma</option></term> |
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180 <listitem> |
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181 <para> |
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182 Specify assembler pragmas. Multiple pragmas are separated by commas. The |
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183 pragmas accepted are the same as for the PRAGMA assembler directive described |
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184 below. |
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185 </para> |
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186 </listitem> |
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187 </varlistentry> |
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188 |
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189 <varlistentry> |
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190 <term><option>--raw</option></term> |
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191 <term><option>-r</option></term> |
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192 <listitem> |
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193 <para> |
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194 Select raw binary as the output target. |
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195 </para> |
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196 </listitem> |
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197 </varlistentry> |
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198 |
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199 <varlistentry> |
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200 <term><option>--help</option></term> |
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201 <term><option>-?</option></term> |
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202 <listitem> |
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203 <para> |
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204 Present a help screen describing the command line options. |
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205 </para> |
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206 </listitem> |
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207 </varlistentry> |
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208 |
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209 <varlistentry> |
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210 <term><option>--usage</option></term> |
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211 <listitem> |
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212 <para> |
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213 Provide a summary of the command line options. |
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214 </para> |
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215 </listitem> |
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216 </varlistentry> |
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217 |
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218 <varlistentry> |
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219 <term><option>--version</option></term> |
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220 <term><option>-V</option></term> |
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221 <listitem> |
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222 <para> |
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223 Display the software version. |
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224 </para> |
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225 </listitem> |
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226 </varlistentry> |
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227 |
146
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228 <varlistentry> |
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229 <term><option>--debug</option></term> |
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230 <term><option>-d</option></term> |
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231 <listitem> |
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232 <para> |
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233 Increase the debugging level. Only really useful to people hacking on the |
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234 LWASM source code itself. |
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235 </para> |
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236 </listitem> |
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237 </varlistentry> |
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238 |
145
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239 </variablelist> |
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240 |
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241 </section> |
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242 |
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243 <section> |
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244 <title>Dialects</title> |
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245 <para> |
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246 LWASM supports all documented MC6809 instructions as defined by Motorola. |
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247 It also supports all known HD6309 instructions. There is some variation, |
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248 however, in the pneumonics used for the block transfer instructions. LWASM |
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249 uses TFM for all four of them as do several other assemblers. Others, such |
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250 as CCASM, use four separate opcodes for it (compare: copy+, copy-, implode, |
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251 and explode). There are advantages to both methods. However, it seems like |
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252 TFM has the most traction and thus, this is what LWASM supports. Support |
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253 for such variations may be added in the future. |
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254 </para> |
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255 |
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256 <para> |
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257 The standard addressing mode specifiers are supported. These are the |
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258 hash sign ("#") for immediate mode, the less than sign ("<") for forced |
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259 eight bit modes, and the greater than sign (">") for forced sixteen bit modes. |
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260 </para> |
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261 |
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262 </section> |
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263 |
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264 <section> |
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265 <title>Source Format</title> |
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266 |
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267 <para> |
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268 LWASM accepts plain text files in a relatively free form. It can handle |
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269 lines terminated with CR, LF, CRLF, or LFCR which means it should be able |
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270 to assemble files on any platform on which it compiles. |
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271 </para> |
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272 <para> |
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273 Each line may start with a symbol. If a symbol is present, there must not |
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274 be any whitespace preceding it. It is legal for a line to contain nothing |
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275 but a symbol.</para> |
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276 <para> |
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277 The op code is separated from the symbol by whitespace. If there is |
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278 no symbol, there must be at least one white space character preceding it. |
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279 If applicable, the operand follows separated by whitespace. Following the |
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280 opcode and operand is an optional comment. |
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281 </para> |
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282 <para> |
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283 A comment can also be introduced with a * or a ;. The comment character is |
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284 optional for end of statement comments. However, if a symbol is the only |
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285 thing present on the line other than the comment, the comment character is |
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286 mandatory to prevent the assembler from interpreting the comment as an opcode. |
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287 </para> |
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288 |
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289 <para> |
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290 The opcode is not treated case sensitively. Neither are register names in |
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291 the operand fields. Symbols, however, are case sensitive. |
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292 </para> |
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293 |
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294 <para> |
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295 LWASM does not support line numbers in the file. |
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296 </para> |
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297 |
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298 </section> |
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299 |
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300 <section> |
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301 <title>Symbols</title> |
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302 |
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303 <para> |
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304 Symbols have no length restriction. They may contain letters, numbers, dots, |
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305 dollar signs, and underscores. They must start with a letter, dot, or |
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306 underscore. |
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307 </para> |
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308 |
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309 <para> |
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310 LWASM also supports the concept of a local symbol. A local symbol is one |
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311 which contains either a "?" or a "@", which can appear anywhere in the symbol. |
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312 The scope of a local symbol is determined by a number of factors. First, |
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313 each included file gets its own local symbol scope. A blank line will also |
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314 be considered a local scope barrier. Macros each have their own local symbol |
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315 scope as well (which has a side effect that you cannot use a local symbol |
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316 as an argument to a macro). There are other factors as well. In general, |
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317 a local symbol is restricted to the block of code it is defined within. |
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318 </para> |
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319 |
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320 </section> |
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321 |
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322 <section> |
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323 <title>Numbers and Expressions</title> |
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324 <para> |
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325 Numbers can be expressed in binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal. |
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326 Binary numbers may be prefixed with a "%" symbol or suffixed with a |
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327 "b" or "B". Octal numbers may be prefixed with "@" or suffixed with |
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328 "Q", "q", "O", or "o". Hexadecimal numbers may be prefixed with "$" or |
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329 suffixed with "H". No prefix or suffix is required for decimal numbers but |
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330 they can be prefixed with "&" if desired. Any constant which begins with |
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331 a letter must be expressed with the correct prefix base identifier or be |
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332 prefixed with a 0. Thus hexadecimal FF would have to be written either 0FFH |
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333 or $FF. Numbers are not case sensitive. |
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334 </para> |
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335 |
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336 <para> A symbol may appear at any point where a number is acceptable. The |
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337 special symbol "*" can be used to represent the starting address of the |
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338 current source line within expressions. </para> |
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339 |
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340 <para>The ASCII value of a character can be included by prefixing it with a |
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341 single quote ('). The ASCII values of two characters can be included by |
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342 prefixing the characters with a quote (").</para> |
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343 |
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344 <para> |
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345 LWASM supports the following basic binary operators: +, -, *, /, and %. |
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346 These represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus. |
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347 It also supports unary negation and unary 1's complement (- and ^ respectively). |
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348 For completeness, a unary positive (+) is supported though it is a no-op. |
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349 </para> |
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350 |
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351 <para>Operator precedence follows the usual rules. multiplication, division, |
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352 and modulus take precedence over addition and subtraction. Unary operators |
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353 take precedence over binary operators. To force a specific order of evaluation, |
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354 parentheses can be used in the usual manner. |
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355 </para> |
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356 </section> |
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357 |
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358 <section> |
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359 <title>Assembler Directives</title> |
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360 <para> |
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361 Various directives can be used to control the behaviour of the |
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362 assembler or to include non-code/data in the resulting output. Those directives |
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363 that are not described in detail in other sections of this document are |
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364 described below. |
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365 </para> |
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366 |
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367 <section> |
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368 <title>Data Directives</title> |
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369 <variablelist> |
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370 <varlistentry><term>FCB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term> |
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371 <listitem> |
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372 <para>Include one or more constant bytes (separated by commas) in the output.</para> |
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373 </listitem> |
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374 </varlistentry> |
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375 |
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376 <varlistentry><term>FDB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term> |
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377 <listitem> |
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378 <para>Include one or more words (separated by commas) in the output.</para> |
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379 </listitem> |
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380 </varlistentry> |
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381 |
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382 <varlistentry><term>FQB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term> |
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383 <listitem> |
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384 <para>Include one or more double words (separated by commas) in the output.</para> |
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385 </listitem> |
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386 </varlistentry> |
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387 |
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388 <varlistentry><term>FCC <parameter>string</parameter></term> |
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389 <listitem> |
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390 <para> |
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391 Include a string of text in the output. The first character of the operand |
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392 is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and cannot appear |
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393 within the string. The string is included with no modifications> |
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394 </para> |
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395 </listitem> |
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396 </varlistentry> |
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397 |
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398 <varlistentry><term>FCN <parameter>string</parameter></term> |
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399 <listitem> |
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400 <para> |
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401 Include a NUL terminated string of text in the output. The first character of |
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402 the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and |
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403 cannot appear within the string. A NUL byte is automatically appended to |
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404 the string. |
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405 </para> |
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406 </listitem> |
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407 </varlistentry> |
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408 |
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409 <varlistentry><term>FCS <parameter>string</parameter></term> |
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410 <listitem> |
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411 <para> |
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412 Include a string of text in the output with bit 7 of the final byte set. The |
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413 first character of the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last |
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414 character and cannot appear within the string. |
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415 </para> |
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416 </listitem> |
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417 </varlistentry> |
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418 |
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419 <varlistentry><term>ZMB <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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420 <listitem> |
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421 <para> |
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422 Include a number of NUL bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable |
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423 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted. |
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424 </para> |
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425 </listitem> |
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426 </varlistentry> |
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427 |
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428 <varlistentry><term>ZMD <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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429 <listitem> |
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430 <para> |
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431 Include a number of zero words in the output. The number must be fully |
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432 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
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433 permitted. |
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434 </para> |
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435 </listitem> |
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436 </varlistentry> |
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437 |
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438 <varlistentry><term>ZMQ <parameter>expr<parameter></term> |
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439 <listitem> |
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440 <para> |
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441 Include a number of zero double-words in the output. The number must be fully |
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442 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
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443 permitted. |
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444 </para> |
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445 </listitem> |
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446 </varlistentry> |
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447 |
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448 <varlistentry><term>RMB <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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449 <listitem> |
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450 <para> |
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451 Reserve a number of bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable |
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452 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted. |
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453 The value of the bytes is undefined. |
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454 </para> |
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455 </listitem> |
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456 </varlistentry> |
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457 |
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458 <varlistentry><term>RMD <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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459 <listitem> |
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460 <para> |
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461 Reserve a number of words in the output. The number must be fully |
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462 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
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463 permitted. The value of the words is undefined. |
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464 </para> |
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465 </listitem> |
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466 </varlistentry> |
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467 |
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468 <varlistentry><term>RMQ <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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469 <listitem> |
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470 <para> |
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471 Reserve a number of double-words in the output. The number must be fully |
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472 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
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473 permitted. The value of the double-words is undefined. |
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474 </para> |
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475 </listitem> |
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476 </varlistentry> |
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477 </variablelist> |
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478 |
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479 </section> |
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480 |
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481 <section> |
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482 <title>Address Definition</title> |
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483 <para>The directives in this section all control the addresses of symbols |
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484 or the assembly process itself.</para> |
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485 |
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486 <variablelist> |
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487 <varlistentry><term>ORG <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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488 <listitem> |
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489 <para>Set the assembly address. The address must be fully resolvable on the |
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490 first pass so no external or forward references are permitted. ORG is not |
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491 permitted within sections when outputting to object files. For the DECB |
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492 target, each ORG directive after which output is generated will cause |
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493 a new preamble to be output. ORG is only used to determine the addresses |
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494 of symbols when the raw target is used. |
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495 </para> |
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496 </listitem> |
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497 </varlistentry> |
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498 |
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499 <varlistentry> |
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500 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EQU <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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501 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> = <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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502 <listitem> |
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503 <para>Define the value of <parameter>sym</parameter> to be <parameter>expr</parameter>. |
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504 </listitem> |
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505 </varlistentry> |
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506 |
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507 <varlistentry> |
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508 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> SET <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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509 <listitem> |
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510 <para>Define the value of <parameter>sym</parameter> to be <parameter>expr</parameter>. |
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511 Unlike EQU, SET permits symbols to be defined multiple times as long as SET |
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512 is used for all instances. Use of the symbol before the first SET statement |
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513 that sets its value is undefined.</para> |
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514 </listitem> |
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515 </varlistentry> |
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516 |
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517 <varlistentry> |
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518 <term>SETDP <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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519 <listitem> |
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520 <para>Inform the assembler that it can assume the DP register contains |
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521 <parameter>expr</parameter>. This directive is only advice to the assembler |
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522 to determine whether an address is in the direct page and has no effect |
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523 on the contents of the DP register. The value must be fully resolved during |
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524 the first assembly pass because it affects the sizes of subsequent instructions. |
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525 </para> |
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526 <para>This directive has no effect in the object file target. |
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527 </para> |
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528 </listitem> |
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|
529 </varlistentry> |
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530 |
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531 <varlistentry> |
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532 <term>ALIGN <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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533 <listitem> |
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534 <para>Force the current assembly address to be a multiple of <parameter>expr</parameter>. |
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535 A series of NUL bytes is output to force the alignment, if required. The |
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536 alignment value must be fully resolved on the first pass because it affects |
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537 the addresses of subsquent instructions.</para> |
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538 <para>This directive is not suitable for inclusion in the middle of actual |
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539 code. It is intended to appear where the bytes output will not be executed. |
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|
540 </para> |
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|
541 </listitem> |
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|
542 </varlistentry> |
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|
543 |
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|
544 </variablelist> |
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|
545 |
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|
546 </section> |
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547 |
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548 <section> |
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549 <title>Conditional Assembly</title> |
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550 <para> |
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551 Portions of the source code can be excluded or included based on conditions |
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552 known at assembly time. Conditionals can be nested arbitrarily deeply. The |
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553 directives associated with conditional assembly are described in this section. |
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|
554 </para> |
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555 <para>All conditionals must be fully bracketed. That is, every conditional |
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556 statement must eventually be followed by an ENDC at the same level of nesting. |
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|
557 </para> |
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558 <para>Conditional expressions are only evaluated on the first assembly pass. |
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559 It is not possible to game the assembly process by having a conditional |
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560 change its value between assembly passes. Thus there is not and never will |
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561 be any equivalent of IFP1 or IFP2 as provided by other assemblers.</para> |
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changeset
|
562 |
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|
563 <variablelist> |
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|
564 <varlistentry> |
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565 <term>IFEQ <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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566 <listitem> |
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567 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to zero, the conditional |
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568 will be considered true. |
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|
569 </para> |
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|
570 </listitem> |
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571 </varlistentry> |
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|
572 |
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|
573 <varlistentry> |
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|
574 <term>IFNE <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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575 <term>IF <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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576 <listitem> |
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|
577 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a non-zero value, the conditional |
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578 will be considered true. |
afe30454382f
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579 </para> |
afe30454382f
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|
580 </listitem> |
afe30454382f
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581 </varlistentry> |
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diff
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582 |
afe30454382f
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diff
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583 <varlistentry> |
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584 <term>IFGT <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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585 <listitem> |
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586 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value greater than zero, the conditional |
afe30454382f
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diff
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|
587 will be considered true. |
afe30454382f
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|
588 </para> |
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diff
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|
589 </listitem> |
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|
590 </varlistentry> |
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parents:
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diff
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|
591 |
afe30454382f
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diff
changeset
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592 <varlistentry> |
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diff
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593 <term>IFGE <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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594 <listitem> |
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595 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value greater than or equal to zero, the conditional |
afe30454382f
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|
596 will be considered true. |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
597 </para> |
afe30454382f
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diff
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|
598 </listitem> |
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diff
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|
599 </varlistentry> |
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diff
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|
600 |
afe30454382f
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diff
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601 <varlistentry> |
afe30454382f
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602 <term>IFLT <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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603 <listitem> |
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604 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value less than zero, the conditional |
afe30454382f
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changeset
|
605 will be considered true. |
afe30454382f
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diff
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|
606 </para> |
afe30454382f
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diff
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|
607 </listitem> |
afe30454382f
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diff
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|
608 </varlistentry> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
609 |
afe30454382f
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109
diff
changeset
|
610 <varlistentry> |
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611 <term>IFLE <parameter>expr</parameter></term> |
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612 <listitem> |
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613 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value less than or equal to zero , the conditional |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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614 will be considered true. |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
615 </para> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
616 </listitem> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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617 </varlistentry> |
afe30454382f
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diff
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|
618 |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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619 <varlistentry> |
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620 <term>IFDEF <parameter>sym</parameter></term> |
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621 <listitem> |
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622 <para>If <parameter>sym</parameter> is defined at this point in the assembly |
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623 process, the conditional |
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624 will be considered true. |
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|
625 </para> |
afe30454382f
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626 </listitem> |
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627 </varlistentry> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
628 |
afe30454382f
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629 <varlistentry> |
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630 <term>IFNDEF <parameter>sym</parameter></term> |
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631 <listitem> |
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632 <para>If <parameter>sym</parameter> is not defined at this point in the assembly |
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633 process, the conditional |
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634 will be considered true. |
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635 </para> |
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636 </listitem> |
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|
637 </varlistentry> |
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638 |
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639 <varlistentry> |
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640 <term>ELSE</term> |
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641 <listitem> |
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642 <para> |
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643 If the preceding conditional at the same level of nesting was false, the |
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644 statements following will be assembled. If the preceding conditional at |
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645 the same level was true, the statements following will not be assembled. |
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646 Note that the preceding conditional might have been another ELSE statement |
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647 although this behaviour is not guaranteed to be supported in future versions |
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648 of LWASM. |
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649 </para> |
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|
650 </listitem> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
651 |
afe30454382f
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652 <varlistentry> |
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653 <term>ENDC</term> |
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654 <listitem> |
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|
655 <para> |
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656 This directive marks the end of a conditional construct. Every conditional |
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657 construct must end with an ENDC directive. |
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|
658 </para> |
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diff
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|
659 </listitem> |
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diff
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|
660 </varlistentry> |
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|
661 |
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|
662 </variablelist> |
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663 </section> |
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664 |
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|
665 <section> |
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666 <title>Miscelaneous Directives</title> |
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667 |
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668 <para>This section includes directives that do not fit into the other |
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669 categories.</para> |
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|
670 |
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|
671 <variablelist> |
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|
672 |
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|
673 <varlistentry> |
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674 <term>INCLUDE <parameter>filename</parameter></term> |
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675 <listitem> |
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|
676 <para> |
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677 Include the contents of <parameter>filename</parameter> at this point in |
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678 the assembly as though it were a part of the file currently being processed. |
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679 Note that whitespace cannot appear in the name of the file. |
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|
680 </para> |
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|
681 </listitem> |
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|
682 </varlistentry> |
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diff
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|
683 |
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|
684 <varlistentry> |
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|
685 <term>END <parameter>[expr]</parameter></term> |
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686 <listitem> |
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|
687 <para> |
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688 This directive causes the assembler to stop assembling immediately as though |
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689 it ran out of input. For the DECB target only, <parameter>expr</parameter> |
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690 can be used to set the execution address of the resulting binary. For all |
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691 other targets, specifying <parameter>expr</parameter> will cause an error. |
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|
692 </para> |
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|
693 </listitem> |
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|
694 </varlistentry> |
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|
695 |
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diff
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|
696 <varlistentry> |
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|
697 <term>ERROR <parameter>string</parameter></term> |
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698 <listitem> |
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|
699 <para> |
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|
700 Causes a custom error message to be printed at this line. This will cause |
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701 assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs |
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702 to cause assembly to fail if some condition that is known bad happens. |
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703 </para> |
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704 </listitem> |
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705 </varlistentry> |
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|
706 |
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707 </variablelist> |
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|
708 </section> |
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|
709 |
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|
710 </section> |
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|
711 |
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|
712 <section> |
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713 <title>Macros</title> |
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714 <para> |
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715 LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a |
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716 series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other |
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717 assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding |
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718 additional assembler directives. |
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|
719 </para> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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720 <para>Macros my accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within |
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721 a macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first |
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722 through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the |
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723 decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). These parameter references |
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724 are replaced with the verbatim text of the parameter passed to the macro. A |
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725 reference to a non-existent parameter will be replaced by an empty string. |
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726 Macro parameters are expanded everywhere on each source line. That means |
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727 the parameter to a macro could be used as a symbol or it could even appear |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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728 in a comment or could cause an entire source line to be commented out |
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729 when the macro is expanded. |
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|
730 </para> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
731 <para> |
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732 Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list |
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733 is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace |
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734 may be included in a macro parameter. |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
735 </para> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
736 <para> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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737 Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are |
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738 expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler |
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739 hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be |
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|
740 the reason.</para> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
741 |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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742 <para>Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not |
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743 inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context |
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744 the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols |
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745 within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or |
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746 outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol |
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747 as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do |
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748 as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context |
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749 rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either |
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750 an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results. |
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|
751 </para> |
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|
752 <para> |
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753 Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All |
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754 macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate |
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755 namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name |
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diff
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|
756 as a macro. |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
757 </para> |
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|
758 |
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|
759 <para> |
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760 Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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761 only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro |
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762 definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used. |
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|
763 </para> |
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diff
changeset
|
764 |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
765 <para>The following directives are used when defining macros.</para> |
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|
766 |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
767 <variablelist> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
768 <varlistentry> |
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769 <term><parameter>macroname</parameter> MACRO</term> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
770 <listitem> |
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|
771 <para>This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called |
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772 <parameter>macroname</parameter>. If <parameter>macroname</parameter> already |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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773 exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
774 macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not |
afe30454382f
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diff
changeset
|
775 be relied upon. |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
776 </para> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
777 </listitem> |
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diff
changeset
|
778 </varlistentry> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
779 |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
780 <varlistentry> |
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|
781 <term>ENDM</term> |
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|
782 <listitem> |
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|
783 <para> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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784 This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
785 causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal. |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
786 </para> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
787 </listitem> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
788 </variablelist> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
789 |
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diff
changeset
|
790 </section> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
791 |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
792 <section> |
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|
793 <title>Object Files and Sections</title> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
794 <para> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
795 The object file target is very useful for large project because it allows |
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|
796 multiple files to be assembled independently and then linked into the final |
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|
797 binary at a later time. It allows only the small portion of the project |
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changeset
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798 that was modified to be re-assembled rather than requiring the entire set |
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799 of source code to be available to the assembler in a single assembly process. |
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800 This can be particularly important if there are a large number of macros, |
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|
801 symbol definitions, or other metadata that uses resources at assembly time. |
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802 By far the largest benefit, however, is keeping the source files small enough |
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|
803 for a mere mortal to find things in them. |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
804 </para> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
805 |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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changeset
|
806 <para> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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changeset
|
807 With multi-file projects, there needs to be a means of resolving references to |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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changeset
|
808 symbols in other source files. These are known as external references. The |
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changeset
|
809 addresses of these symbols cannot be known until the linker joins all the |
afe30454382f
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changeset
|
810 object files into a single binary. This means that the assembler must be |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
811 able to output the object code without knowing the value of the symbol. This |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
812 places some restrictions on the code generated by the assembler. For |
afe30454382f
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|
813 example, the assembler cannot generate direct page addressing for instructions |
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814 that reference external symbols because the address of the symbol may not |
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changeset
|
815 be in the direct page. Similarly, relative branches and PC relative addressing |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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816 cannot be used in their eight bit forms. Everything that must be resolved |
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changeset
|
817 by the linker must be assembled to use the largest address size possible to |
afe30454382f
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818 allow the linker to fill in the correct value at link time. Note that the |
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819 same problem applies to absolute address references as well, even those in |
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820 the same source file, because the address is not known until link time. |
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|
821 </para> |
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822 |
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823 <para> |
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824 It is often desired in multi-file projects to have code of various types grouped |
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825 together in the final binary generated by the linker as well. The same applies |
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826 to data. In order for the linker to do that, the bits that are to be grouped |
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827 must be tagged in some manner. This is where the concept of sections comes in. |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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828 Each chunk of code or data is part of a section in the object file. Then, |
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829 when the linker reads all the object files, it coalesces all sections of the |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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830 same name into a single section and then considers it as a unit. |
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|
831 </para> |
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|
832 |
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diff
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|
833 <para> |
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834 The existence of sections, however, raises a problem for symbols even |
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835 within the same source file. Thus, the assembler must treat symbols from |
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836 different sections within the same source file in the same manner as external |
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837 symbols. That is, it must leave them for the linker to resolve at link time, |
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838 with all the limitations that entails. |
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839 </para> |
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|
840 |
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841 <para> |
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842 In the object file target mode, LWASM requires all source lines that |
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843 cause bytes to be output to be inside a section. Any directives that do |
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844 not cause any bytes to be output can appear outside of a section. This includes |
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845 such things as EQU or RMB. Even ORG can appear outside a section. ORG, however, |
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846 makes no sense within a section because it is the linker that determines |
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847 the starting address of the section's code, not the assembler. |
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|
848 </para> |
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|
849 |
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850 <para> |
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851 All symbols defined globally in the assembly process are local to the |
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852 source file and cannot be exported. All symbols defined within a section are |
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853 considered local to the source file unless otherwise explicitly exported. |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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854 Symbols referenced from external source files must be declared external, |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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855 either explicitly or by asking the assembler to assume that all undefined |
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856 symbols are external. |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
857 </para> |
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|
858 |
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|
859 <para> |
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860 It is often handy to define a number of memory addresses that will be |
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861 used for data at run-time but which need not be included in the binary file. |
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862 These memory addresses are not initialized until run-time, either by the |
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863 program itself or by the program loader, depending on the operating environment. |
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864 Such sections are often known as BSS sections. LWASM supports generating |
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865 sections with a BSS attribute set which causes the section definition including |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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866 symbols exported from that section and those symbols required to resolve |
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867 references from the local file, but with no actual code in the object file. |
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868 It is illegal for any source lines within a BSS flagged section to cause any |
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869 bytes to be output. |
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|
870 </para> |
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|
871 |
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872 <para>The following directives apply to section handling.</para> |
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873 |
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|
874 <variablelist> |
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|
875 <varlistentry> |
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876 <term>SECTION <parameter>name[,flags]</parameter></term> |
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877 <term>SECT <parameter>name[,flags]</parameter></term> |
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|
878 <listitem> |
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|
879 <para> |
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880 Instructs the assembler that the code following this directive is to be |
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881 considered part of the section <parameter>name</parameter>. A section name |
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882 may appear multiple times in which case it is as though all the code from |
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883 all the instances of that section appeared adjacent within the source file. |
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884 However, <parameter>flags</parameter> may only be specified on the first |
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|
885 instance of the section. |
afe30454382f
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diff
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|
886 </para> |
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|
887 <para>There is a single flag supported in <parameter>flags</parameter>. The |
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888 flag <parameter>bss</parameter> will cause the section to be treated as a BSS |
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889 section and, thus, no code will be included in the object file nor will any |
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|
890 bytes be permitted to be output.</para> |
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diff
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|
891 <para> |
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diff
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892 If assembly is already happening within a section, the section is implicitly |
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893 ended and the new section started. This is not considered an error although |
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894 it is recommended that all sections be explicitly closed. |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
895 </para> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
896 </listitem> |
afe30454382f
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
897 </varlistentry> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents:
109
diff
changeset
|
898 |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
899 <varlistentry> |
afe30454382f
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|
900 <term>ENDSECTION</term> |
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|
901 <term>ENDSECT</term> |
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902 <term>ENDS</term> |
afe30454382f
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|
903 <listitem> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
904 <para> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
905 This directive ends the current section. This puts assembly outside of any |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
906 sections until the next SECTION directive. |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
907 </listitem> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
908 </varlistentry> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents:
109
diff
changeset
|
909 |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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109
diff
changeset
|
910 <varlistentry> |
afe30454382f
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|
911 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXTERN</term> |
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912 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXTERNAL</term> |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
913 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> IMPORT</term> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
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|
914 <listitem> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
915 <para> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
916 This directive defines <parameter>sym</parameter> as an external symbol. |
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|
917 This directive may occur at any point in the source code. EXTERN definitions |
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918 are resolved on the first pass so an EXTERN definition anywhere in the |
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Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
919 source file is valid for the entire file. The use of this directive is |
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|
920 optional when the assembler is instructed to assume that all undefined |
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|
921 symbols are external. In fact, in that mode, if the symbol is referenced |
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922 before the EXTERN directive, an error will occur. |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
923 </para> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
924 </listitem> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
925 </varlistentry> |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff
changeset
|
926 |
afe30454382f
Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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|
927 <varlistentry> |
afe30454382f
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|
928 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXPORT</term> |
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|
929 <listitem> |
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|
930 <para> |
afe30454382f
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|
931 This directive defines <parameter>sym</parameter> as an exported symbol. |
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932 This directive may occur at any point in the source code, even before the |
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|
933 definition of the exported symbol. |
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changeset
|
934 </para> |
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changeset
|
935 </listitem> |
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|
936 </varlistentry> |
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changeset
|
937 |
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|
938 </variablelist> |
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changeset
|
939 |
afe30454382f
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|
940 </section> |
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941 |
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|
942 <section> |
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943 <title>Assembler Modes and Pragmas</title> |
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944 <para> |
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945 There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed. |
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946 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because |
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947 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include |
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948 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during |
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949 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition, |
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950 not portable between assemblers. |
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|
951 </para> |
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|
952 |
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953 <para>LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or |
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954 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by |
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955 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives |
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956 are as follows. |
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|
957 </para> |
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|
958 |
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|
959 <variablelist> |
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|
960 <varlistentry> |
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961 <term>PRAGMA <parameter>pragma[,...]</parameter></term> |
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962 <listitem> |
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|
963 <para> |
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964 Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <parameter>pragma</parameter>s |
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965 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new |
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966 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when |
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967 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported. |
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|
968 </para> |
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|
969 </listitem> |
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|
970 </varlistentry> |
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971 |
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972 <varlistentry> |
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973 <term>*PRAGMA <parameter>pragma[,...]</parameter></term> |
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974 <listitem> |
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|
975 <para> |
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976 This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with |
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977 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting |
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978 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not |
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979 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required |
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980 for correct functioning of the code. |
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981 </para> |
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982 </listitem> |
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983 </varlistentry> |
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984 </variablelist> |
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985 |
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986 <para>Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version. |
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987 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables |
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988 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed |
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989 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". Only the positive version is |
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990 listed below.</para> |
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|
991 |
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992 <para>Pragmas are not case sensitive.</para> |
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|
993 |
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994 <variablelist> |
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995 <varlistentry> |
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996 <term>index0tonone</term> |
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997 <listitem> |
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|
998 <para> |
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999 When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing |
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1000 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is |
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1001 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent |
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1002 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages |
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1003 of this optimization, it is enabled by default. |
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1004 </para> |
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1005 </listitem> |
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1006 </varlistentry> |
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|
1007 |
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|
1008 <varlistentry> |
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1009 <term>undefextern</term> |
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|
1010 <listitem> |
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|
1011 <para> |
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1012 This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in |
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1013 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will |
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1014 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will |
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1015 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is |
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|
1016 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising, |
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1017 this pragma defaults to off. |
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|
1018 </para> |
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|
1019 <para> |
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1020 The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of |
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1021 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate |
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1022 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler |
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1023 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source |
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1024 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol |
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1025 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an |
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1026 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.) |
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|
1027 </para> |
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|
1028 <para> |
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1029 This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects. |
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1030 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient |
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1031 for one or two files to use this pragma internally. |
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|
1032 </para> |
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|
1033 </listitem> |
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|
1034 </varlistentry> |
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|
1035 </variablelist> |
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|
1036 |
afe30454382f
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|
1037 </section> |
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|
1038 |
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|
1039 </chapter> |
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|
1040 |
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|
1041 <chapter> |
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1042 <title>LWLINK</title> |
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1043 <para> |
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|
1044 </para> |
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|
1045 </chapter> |
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1046 |
109 | 1047 <chapter id="objchap"> |
1048 <title>Object Files</title> | |
145
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|
1049 <para> |
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1050 LWTOOLS uses a proprietary object file format. It is proprietary in the sense |
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1051 that it is specific to LWTOOLS, not that it is a hidden format. It would be |
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1052 hard to keep it hidden in an open source tool chain anyway. This chapter |
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1053 documents the object file format. |
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1054 </para> |
109 | 1055 </chapter> |
1056 </book> | |
1057 |