LWTools Old Repo: doc/manual.docbook.sgml annotate

annotate doc/manual.docbook.sgml @ 159:71561c12b20b

Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss

author	lost
date	Sat, 31 Jan 2009 06:32:27 +0000
parents	f0881c115010
children	751b99efb1fc

rev	line source
109 f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN">
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	2 <book>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	3 <bookinfo>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	4 <title>LW Tool Chain</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	5 <author><firstname>William</firstname><surname>Astle</surname></author>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	6 <copyright><year>2009</year><holder>William Astle</holder></copyright>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	7 </bookinfo>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	8 <chapter>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	9
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	10 <title>Introduction</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	11
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	12 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	13 The LW tool chain provides utilities for building binaries for MC6809 and
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	14 HD6309 CPUs. The tool chain includes a cross-assembler and a cross-linker
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	15 which support several styles of output.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	16 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	17
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	18 <section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	19 <title>History</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	20 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	21 For a long time, I have had an interest in creating an operating system for
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	22 the Coco3. I finally started working on that project around the beginning of
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	23 2006. I had a number of assemblers I could choose from. Eventually, I settled
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	24 on one and started tinkering. After a while, I realized that assembler was not
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	25 going to be sufficient due to lack of macros and issues with forward references.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	26 Then I tried another which handled forward references correctly but still did
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	27 not support macros. I looked around at other assemblers and they all lacked
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	28 one feature or another that I really wanted for creating my operating system.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	29 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	30
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	31 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	32 The solution seemed clear at that point. I am a fair programmer so I figured
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	33 I could write an assembler that would do everything I wanted an assembler to
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	34 do. Thus the LWASM probject was born. After more than two years of on and off
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	35 work, version 1.0 of LWASM was released in October of 2008.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	36 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	37
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	38 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	39 As the aforementioned operating system project progressed further, it became
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	40 clear that while assembling the whole project through a single file was doable,
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	41 it was not practical. When I found myself playing some fancy games with macros
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	42 in a bid to simulate sections, I realized I needed a means of assembling
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	43 source files separately and linking them later. This spawned a major development
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	44 effort to add an object file support to LWASM. It also spawned the LWLINK
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	45 project to provide a means to actually link the files.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	46 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	47
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	48 </section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	49
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	50 </chapter>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	51
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	52 <chapter>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	53 <title>Output Formats</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	54
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	55 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	56 The LW tool chain supports multiple output formats. Each format has its
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	57 advantages and disadvantages. Each format is described below.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	58 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	59
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	60 <section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	61 <title>Raw Binaries</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	62 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	63 A raw binary is simply a string of bytes. There are no headers or other
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	64 niceties. Both LWLINK and LWASM support generating raw binaries. ORG directives
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	65 in the source code only serve to set the addresses that will be used for
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	66 symbols but otherwise have no direct impact on the resulting binary.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	67 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	68
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	69 </section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	70 <section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	71 <title>DECB Binaries</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	72
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	73 <para>A DECB binary is compatible with the LOADM command in Disk Extended
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	74 Color Basic on the CoCo. They are also compatible with CLOADM from Extended
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	75 Color Basic. These binaries include the load address of the binary as well
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	76 as encoding an execution address. These binaries may contain multiple loadable
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	77 sections, each of which has its own load address.</para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	78
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	79 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	80 Each binary starts with a preamble. Each preamble is five bytes long. The
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	81 first byte is zero. The next two bytes specify the number of bytes to load
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	82 and the last two bytes specify the address to load the bytes at. Then, a
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	83 string of bytes follows. After this string of bytes, there may be another
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	84 preamble or a postamble. A postamble is also five bytes in length. The first
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	85 byte of the postamble is $FF, the next two are zero, and the last two are
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	86 the execution address for the binary.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	87 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	88
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	89 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	90 Both LWASM and LWLINK can output this format.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	91 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	92 </section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	93
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	94 <section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	95 <title>Object Files</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	96 <para>LWASM supports generating a proprietary object file format which is
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	97 described in <xref linkend="objchap">. LWLINK is then used to link these
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	98 object files into a final binary in any of LWLINK's supported binary
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	99 formats.</para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	100
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	101 <para>Object files are very flexible in that they allow references that are not
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	102 known at assembly time to be resolved at link time. However, because the
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	103 addresses of such references are not known, there is no way for the assembler
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	104 has to use sixteen bit addressing modes for these references. The linker
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	105 will always use sixteen bits when resolving a reference which means any
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	106 instruction that requires an eight bit operand cannot use external references.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	107 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	108
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	109 <para>Object files also support the concept of sections which are not valid
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	110 for other output types. This allows related code from each object file
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	111 linked to be collapsed together in the final binary.</para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	112
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	113 </section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	114
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	115 </chapter>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	116
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	117 <chapter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	118 <title>LWASM</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	119 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	120 The LWTOOLS assembler is called LWASM. This chapter documents the various
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	121 features of the assembler. It is not, however, a tutorial on 6x09 assembly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	122 language programming.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	123 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	124
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	125 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	126 <title>Command Line Options</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	127 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	128 The binary for LWASM is called "lwasm". Note that the binary is in lower
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	129 case. lwasm takes the following command line arguments.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	130 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	131
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	132 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	133 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	134 <term><option>--decb</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	135 <term><option>-b</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	136 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	137 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	138 Select the DECB output format target. Equivalent to <option>--format=decb</option>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	139 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	140 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	141 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	142
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	143 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	144 <term><option>--format=type</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	145 <term><option>-f type</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	146 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	147 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	148 Select the output format. Valid values are <option>obj</option> for the object
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	149 file target, <option>decb</option> for the DECB LOADM format, and <option>raw</option>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	150 for a raw binary.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	151 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	152 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	153 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	154
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	155 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	156 <term><option>--list[=file]</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	157 <term><option>-l[file]</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	158 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	159 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	160 Cause LWASM to generate a listing. If <option>file</option> is specified,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	161 the listing will go to that file. Otherwise it will go to the standard output
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	162 stream. By default, no listing is generated.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	163 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	164 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	165 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	166
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	167 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	168 <term><option>--obj</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	169 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	170 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	171 Select the proprietary object file format as the output target.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	172 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	173 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	174 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	175
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	176 <varlistentry>
150 f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	177 <term><option>--output=FILE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	178 <term><option>-o FILE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	179 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	180 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	181 This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	182 default is <option>a.out</option>.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	183 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	184 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	185 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	186
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	187 <varlistentry>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	188 <term><option>--pragma=pragma</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	189 <term><option>-p pragma</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	190 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	191 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	192 Specify assembler pragmas. Multiple pragmas are separated by commas. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	193 pragmas accepted are the same as for the PRAGMA assembler directive described
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	194 below.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	195 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	196 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	197 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	198
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	199 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	200 <term><option>--raw</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	201 <term><option>-r</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	202 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	203 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	204 Select raw binary as the output target.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	205 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	206 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	207 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	208
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	209 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	210 <term><option>--help</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	211 <term><option>-?</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	212 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	213 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	214 Present a help screen describing the command line options.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	215 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	216 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	217 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	218
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	219 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	220 <term><option>--usage</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	221 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	222 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	223 Provide a summary of the command line options.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	224 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	225 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	226 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	227
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	228 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	229 <term><option>--version</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	230 <term><option>-V</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	231 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	232 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	233 Display the software version.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	234 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	235 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	236 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	237
146 6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	238 <varlistentry>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	239 <term><option>--debug</option></term>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	240 <term><option>-d</option></term>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	241 <listitem>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	242 <para>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	243 Increase the debugging level. Only really useful to people hacking on the
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	244 LWASM source code itself.
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	245 </para>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	246 </listitem>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	247 </varlistentry>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	248
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	249 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	250
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	251 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	252
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	253 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	254 <title>Dialects</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	255 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	256 LWASM supports all documented MC6809 instructions as defined by Motorola.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	257 It also supports all known HD6309 instructions. There is some variation,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	258 however, in the pneumonics used for the block transfer instructions. LWASM
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	259 uses TFM for all four of them as do several other assemblers. Others, such
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	260 as CCASM, use four separate opcodes for it (compare: copy+, copy-, implode,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	261 and explode). There are advantages to both methods. However, it seems like
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	262 TFM has the most traction and thus, this is what LWASM supports. Support
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	263 for such variations may be added in the future.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	264 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	265
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	266 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	267 The standard addressing mode specifiers are supported. These are the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	268 hash sign ("#") for immediate mode, the less than sign ("<") for forced
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	269 eight bit modes, and the greater than sign (">") for forced sixteen bit modes.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	270 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	271
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	272 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	273
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	274 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	275 <title>Source Format</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	276
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	277 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	278 LWASM accepts plain text files in a relatively free form. It can handle
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	279 lines terminated with CR, LF, CRLF, or LFCR which means it should be able
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	280 to assemble files on any platform on which it compiles.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	281 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	282 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	283 Each line may start with a symbol. If a symbol is present, there must not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	284 be any whitespace preceding it. It is legal for a line to contain nothing
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	285 but a symbol.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	286 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	287 The op code is separated from the symbol by whitespace. If there is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	288 no symbol, there must be at least one white space character preceding it.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	289 If applicable, the operand follows separated by whitespace. Following the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	290 opcode and operand is an optional comment.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	291 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	292 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	293 A comment can also be introduced with a * or a ;. The comment character is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	294 optional for end of statement comments. However, if a symbol is the only
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	295 thing present on the line other than the comment, the comment character is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	296 mandatory to prevent the assembler from interpreting the comment as an opcode.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	297 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	298
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	299 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	300 The opcode is not treated case sensitively. Neither are register names in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	301 the operand fields. Symbols, however, are case sensitive.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	302 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	303
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	304 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	305 LWASM does not support line numbers in the file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	306 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	307
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	308 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	309
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	310 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	311 <title>Symbols</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	312
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	313 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	314 Symbols have no length restriction. They may contain letters, numbers, dots,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	315 dollar signs, and underscores. They must start with a letter, dot, or
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	316 underscore.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	317 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	318
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	319 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	320 LWASM also supports the concept of a local symbol. A local symbol is one
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	321 which contains either a "?" or a "@", which can appear anywhere in the symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	322 The scope of a local symbol is determined by a number of factors. First,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	323 each included file gets its own local symbol scope. A blank line will also
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	324 be considered a local scope barrier. Macros each have their own local symbol
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	325 scope as well (which has a side effect that you cannot use a local symbol
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	326 as an argument to a macro). There are other factors as well. In general,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	327 a local symbol is restricted to the block of code it is defined within.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	328 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	329
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	330 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	331
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	332 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	333 <title>Numbers and Expressions</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	334 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	335 Numbers can be expressed in binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	336 Binary numbers may be prefixed with a "%" symbol or suffixed with a
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	337 "b" or "B". Octal numbers may be prefixed with "@" or suffixed with
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	338 "Q", "q", "O", or "o". Hexadecimal numbers may be prefixed with "$" or
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	339 suffixed with "H". No prefix or suffix is required for decimal numbers but
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	340 they can be prefixed with "&" if desired. Any constant which begins with
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	341 a letter must be expressed with the correct prefix base identifier or be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	342 prefixed with a 0. Thus hexadecimal FF would have to be written either 0FFH
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	343 or $FF. Numbers are not case sensitive.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	344 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	345
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	346 <para> A symbol may appear at any point where a number is acceptable. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	347 special symbol "*" can be used to represent the starting address of the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	348 current source line within expressions. </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	349
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	350 <para>The ASCII value of a character can be included by prefixing it with a
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	351 single quote ('). The ASCII values of two characters can be included by
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	352 prefixing the characters with a quote (").</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	353
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	354 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	355 LWASM supports the following basic binary operators: +, -, *, /, and %.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	356 These represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	357 It also supports unary negation and unary 1's complement (- and ^ respectively).
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	358 For completeness, a unary positive (+) is supported though it is a no-op.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	359 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	360
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	361 <para>Operator precedence follows the usual rules. multiplication, division,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	362 and modulus take precedence over addition and subtraction. Unary operators
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	363 take precedence over binary operators. To force a specific order of evaluation,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	364 parentheses can be used in the usual manner.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	365 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	366 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	367
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	368 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	369 <title>Assembler Directives</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	370 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	371 Various directives can be used to control the behaviour of the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	372 assembler or to include non-code/data in the resulting output. Those directives
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	373 that are not described in detail in other sections of this document are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	374 described below.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	375 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	376
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	377 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	378 <title>Data Directives</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	379 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	380 <varlistentry><term>FCB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	381 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	382 <para>Include one or more constant bytes (separated by commas) in the output.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	383 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	384 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	385
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	386 <varlistentry><term>FDB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	387 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	388 <para>Include one or more words (separated by commas) in the output.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	389 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	390 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	391
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	392 <varlistentry><term>FQB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	393 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	394 <para>Include one or more double words (separated by commas) in the output.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	395 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	396 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	397
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	398 <varlistentry><term>FCC <parameter>string</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	399 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	400 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	401 Include a string of text in the output. The first character of the operand
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	402 is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and cannot appear
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	403 within the string. The string is included with no modifications>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	404 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	405 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	406 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	407
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	408 <varlistentry><term>FCN <parameter>string</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	409 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	410 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	411 Include a NUL terminated string of text in the output. The first character of
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	412 the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	413 cannot appear within the string. A NUL byte is automatically appended to
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	414 the string.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	415 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	416 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	417 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	418
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	419 <varlistentry><term>FCS <parameter>string</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	420 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	421 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	422 Include a string of text in the output with bit 7 of the final byte set. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	423 first character of the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	424 character and cannot appear within the string.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	425 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	426 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	427 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	428
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	429 <varlistentry><term>ZMB <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	430 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	431 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	432 Include a number of NUL bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	433 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	434 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	435 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	436 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	437
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	438 <varlistentry><term>ZMD <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	439 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	440 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	441 Include a number of zero words in the output. The number must be fully
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	442 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	443 permitted.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	444 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	445 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	446 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	447
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	448 <varlistentry><term>ZMQ <parameter>expr<parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	449 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	450 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	451 Include a number of zero double-words in the output. The number must be fully
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	452 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	453 permitted.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	454 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	455 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	456 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	457
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	458 <varlistentry><term>RMB <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	459 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	460 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	461 Reserve a number of bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	462 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	463 The value of the bytes is undefined.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	464 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	465 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	466 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	467
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	468 <varlistentry><term>RMD <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	469 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	470 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	471 Reserve a number of words in the output. The number must be fully
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	472 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	473 permitted. The value of the words is undefined.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	474 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	475 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	476 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	477
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	478 <varlistentry><term>RMQ <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	479 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	480 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	481 Reserve a number of double-words in the output. The number must be fully
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	482 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	483 permitted. The value of the double-words is undefined.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	484 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	485 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	486 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	487 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	488
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	489 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	490
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	491 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	492 <title>Address Definition</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	493 <para>The directives in this section all control the addresses of symbols
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	494 or the assembly process itself.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	495
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	496 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	497 <varlistentry><term>ORG <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	498 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	499 <para>Set the assembly address. The address must be fully resolvable on the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	500 first pass so no external or forward references are permitted. ORG is not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	501 permitted within sections when outputting to object files. For the DECB
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	502 target, each ORG directive after which output is generated will cause
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	503 a new preamble to be output. ORG is only used to determine the addresses
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	504 of symbols when the raw target is used.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	505 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	506 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	507 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	508
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	509 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	510 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EQU <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	511 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> = <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	512 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	513 <para>Define the value of <parameter>sym</parameter> to be <parameter>expr</parameter>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	514 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	515 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	516
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	517 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	518 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> SET <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	519 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	520 <para>Define the value of <parameter>sym</parameter> to be <parameter>expr</parameter>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	521 Unlike EQU, SET permits symbols to be defined multiple times as long as SET
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	522 is used for all instances. Use of the symbol before the first SET statement
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	523 that sets its value is undefined.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	524 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	525 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	526
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	527 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	528 <term>SETDP <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	529 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	530 <para>Inform the assembler that it can assume the DP register contains
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	531 <parameter>expr</parameter>. This directive is only advice to the assembler
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	532 to determine whether an address is in the direct page and has no effect
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	533 on the contents of the DP register. The value must be fully resolved during
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	534 the first assembly pass because it affects the sizes of subsequent instructions.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	535 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	536 <para>This directive has no effect in the object file target.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	537 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	538 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	539 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	540
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	541 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	542 <term>ALIGN <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	543 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	544 <para>Force the current assembly address to be a multiple of <parameter>expr</parameter>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	545 A series of NUL bytes is output to force the alignment, if required. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	546 alignment value must be fully resolved on the first pass because it affects
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	547 the addresses of subsquent instructions.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	548 <para>This directive is not suitable for inclusion in the middle of actual
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	549 code. It is intended to appear where the bytes output will not be executed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	550 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	551 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	552 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	553
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	554 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	555
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	556 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	557
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	558 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	559 <title>Conditional Assembly</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	560 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	561 Portions of the source code can be excluded or included based on conditions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	562 known at assembly time. Conditionals can be nested arbitrarily deeply. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	563 directives associated with conditional assembly are described in this section.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	564 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	565 <para>All conditionals must be fully bracketed. That is, every conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	566 statement must eventually be followed by an ENDC at the same level of nesting.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	567 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	568 <para>Conditional expressions are only evaluated on the first assembly pass.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	569 It is not possible to game the assembly process by having a conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	570 change its value between assembly passes. Thus there is not and never will
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	571 be any equivalent of IFP1 or IFP2 as provided by other assemblers.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	572
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	573 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	574 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	575 <term>IFEQ <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	576 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	577 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	578 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	579 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	580 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	581 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	582
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	583 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	584 <term>IFNE <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	585 <term>IF <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	586 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	587 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a non-zero value, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	588 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	589 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	590 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	591 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	592
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	593 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	594 <term>IFGT <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	595 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	596 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value greater than zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	597 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	598 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	599 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	600 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	601
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	602 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	603 <term>IFGE <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	604 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	605 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value greater than or equal to zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	606 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	607 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	608 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	609 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	610
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	611 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	612 <term>IFLT <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	613 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	614 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value less than zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	615 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	616 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	617 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	618 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	619
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	620 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	621 <term>IFLE <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	622 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	623 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value less than or equal to zero , the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	624 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	625 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	626 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	627 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	628
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	629 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	630 <term>IFDEF <parameter>sym</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	631 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	632 <para>If <parameter>sym</parameter> is defined at this point in the assembly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	633 process, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	634 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	635 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	636 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	637 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	638
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	639 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	640 <term>IFNDEF <parameter>sym</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	641 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	642 <para>If <parameter>sym</parameter> is not defined at this point in the assembly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	643 process, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	644 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	645 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	646 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	647 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	648
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	649 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	650 <term>ELSE</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	651 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	652 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	653 If the preceding conditional at the same level of nesting was false, the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	654 statements following will be assembled. If the preceding conditional at
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	655 the same level was true, the statements following will not be assembled.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	656 Note that the preceding conditional might have been another ELSE statement
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	657 although this behaviour is not guaranteed to be supported in future versions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	658 of LWASM.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	659 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	660 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	661
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	662 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	663 <term>ENDC</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	664 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	665 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	666 This directive marks the end of a conditional construct. Every conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	667 construct must end with an ENDC directive.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	668 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	669 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	670 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	671
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	672 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	673 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	674
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	675 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	676 <title>Miscelaneous Directives</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	677
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	678 <para>This section includes directives that do not fit into the other
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	679 categories.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	680
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	681 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	682
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	683 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	684 <term>INCLUDE <parameter>filename</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	685 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	686 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	687 Include the contents of <parameter>filename</parameter> at this point in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	688 the assembly as though it were a part of the file currently being processed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	689 Note that whitespace cannot appear in the name of the file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	690 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	691 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	692 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	693
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	694 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	695 <term>END <parameter>[expr]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	696 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	697 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	698 This directive causes the assembler to stop assembling immediately as though
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	699 it ran out of input. For the DECB target only, <parameter>expr</parameter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	700 can be used to set the execution address of the resulting binary. For all
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	701 other targets, specifying <parameter>expr</parameter> will cause an error.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	702 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	703 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	704 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	705
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	706 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	707 <term>ERROR <parameter>string</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	708 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	709 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	710 Causes a custom error message to be printed at this line. This will cause
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	711 assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	712 to cause assembly to fail if some condition that is known bad happens.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	713 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	714 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	715 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	716
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	717 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	718 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	719
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	720 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	721
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	722 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	723 <title>Macros</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	724 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	725 LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	726 series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	727 assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	728 additional assembler directives.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	729 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	730 <para>Macros my accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	731 a macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	732 through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	733 decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). These parameter references
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	734 are replaced with the verbatim text of the parameter passed to the macro. A
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	735 reference to a non-existent parameter will be replaced by an empty string.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	736 Macro parameters are expanded everywhere on each source line. That means
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	737 the parameter to a macro could be used as a symbol or it could even appear
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	738 in a comment or could cause an entire source line to be commented out
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	739 when the macro is expanded.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	740 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	741 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	742 Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	743 is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	744 may be included in a macro parameter.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	745 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	746 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	747 Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	748 expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	749 hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	750 the reason.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	751
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	752 <para>Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	753 inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	754 the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	755 within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	756 outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	757 as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	758 as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	759 rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	760 an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	761 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	762 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	763 Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	764 macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	765 namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	766 as a macro.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	767 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	768
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	769 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	770 Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	771 only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	772 definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	773 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	774
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	775 <para>The following directives are used when defining macros.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	776
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	777 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	778 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	779 <term><parameter>macroname</parameter> MACRO</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	780 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	781 <para>This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	782 <parameter>macroname</parameter>. If <parameter>macroname</parameter> already
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	783 exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	784 macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	785 be relied upon.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	786 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	787 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	788 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	789
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	790 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	791 <term>ENDM</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	792 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	793 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	794 This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	795 causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	796 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	797 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	798 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	799
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	800 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	801
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	802 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	803 <title>Object Files and Sections</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	804 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	805 The object file target is very useful for large project because it allows
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	806 multiple files to be assembled independently and then linked into the final
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	807 binary at a later time. It allows only the small portion of the project
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	808 that was modified to be re-assembled rather than requiring the entire set
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	809 of source code to be available to the assembler in a single assembly process.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	810 This can be particularly important if there are a large number of macros,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	811 symbol definitions, or other metadata that uses resources at assembly time.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	812 By far the largest benefit, however, is keeping the source files small enough
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	813 for a mere mortal to find things in them.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	814 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	815
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	816 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	817 With multi-file projects, there needs to be a means of resolving references to
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	818 symbols in other source files. These are known as external references. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	819 addresses of these symbols cannot be known until the linker joins all the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	820 object files into a single binary. This means that the assembler must be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	821 able to output the object code without knowing the value of the symbol. This
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	822 places some restrictions on the code generated by the assembler. For
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	823 example, the assembler cannot generate direct page addressing for instructions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	824 that reference external symbols because the address of the symbol may not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	825 be in the direct page. Similarly, relative branches and PC relative addressing
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	826 cannot be used in their eight bit forms. Everything that must be resolved
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	827 by the linker must be assembled to use the largest address size possible to
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	828 allow the linker to fill in the correct value at link time. Note that the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	829 same problem applies to absolute address references as well, even those in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	830 the same source file, because the address is not known until link time.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	831 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	832
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	833 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	834 It is often desired in multi-file projects to have code of various types grouped
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	835 together in the final binary generated by the linker as well. The same applies
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	836 to data. In order for the linker to do that, the bits that are to be grouped
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	837 must be tagged in some manner. This is where the concept of sections comes in.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	838 Each chunk of code or data is part of a section in the object file. Then,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	839 when the linker reads all the object files, it coalesces all sections of the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	840 same name into a single section and then considers it as a unit.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	841 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	842
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	843 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	844 The existence of sections, however, raises a problem for symbols even
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	845 within the same source file. Thus, the assembler must treat symbols from
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	846 different sections within the same source file in the same manner as external
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	847 symbols. That is, it must leave them for the linker to resolve at link time,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	848 with all the limitations that entails.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	849 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	850
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	851 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	852 In the object file target mode, LWASM requires all source lines that
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	853 cause bytes to be output to be inside a section. Any directives that do
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	854 not cause any bytes to be output can appear outside of a section. This includes
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	855 such things as EQU or RMB. Even ORG can appear outside a section. ORG, however,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	856 makes no sense within a section because it is the linker that determines
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	857 the starting address of the section's code, not the assembler.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	858 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	859
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	860 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	861 All symbols defined globally in the assembly process are local to the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	862 source file and cannot be exported. All symbols defined within a section are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	863 considered local to the source file unless otherwise explicitly exported.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	864 Symbols referenced from external source files must be declared external,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	865 either explicitly or by asking the assembler to assume that all undefined
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	866 symbols are external.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	867 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	868
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	869 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	870 It is often handy to define a number of memory addresses that will be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	871 used for data at run-time but which need not be included in the binary file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	872 These memory addresses are not initialized until run-time, either by the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	873 program itself or by the program loader, depending on the operating environment.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	874 Such sections are often known as BSS sections. LWASM supports generating
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	875 sections with a BSS attribute set which causes the section definition including
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	876 symbols exported from that section and those symbols required to resolve
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	877 references from the local file, but with no actual code in the object file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	878 It is illegal for any source lines within a BSS flagged section to cause any
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	879 bytes to be output.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	880 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	881
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	882 <para>The following directives apply to section handling.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	883
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	884 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	885 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	886 <term>SECTION <parameter>name[,flags]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	887 <term>SECT <parameter>name[,flags]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	888 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	889 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	890 Instructs the assembler that the code following this directive is to be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	891 considered part of the section <parameter>name</parameter>. A section name
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	892 may appear multiple times in which case it is as though all the code from
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	893 all the instances of that section appeared adjacent within the source file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	894 However, <parameter>flags</parameter> may only be specified on the first
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	895 instance of the section.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	896 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	897 <para>There is a single flag supported in <parameter>flags</parameter>. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	898 flag <parameter>bss</parameter> will cause the section to be treated as a BSS
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	899 section and, thus, no code will be included in the object file nor will any
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	900 bytes be permitted to be output.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	901 <para>
159 71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	902 If the section name is "bss" or ".bss" in any combination of upper and
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	903 lower case, the section is assumed to be a BSS section. In that case,
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	904 the flag <parameter>!bss</parameter> can be used to override this assumption.
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	905 </para>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	906 <para>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	907 If assembly is already happening within a section, the section is implicitly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	908 ended and the new section started. This is not considered an error although
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	909 it is recommended that all sections be explicitly closed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	910 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	911 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	912 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	913
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	914 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	915 <term>ENDSECTION</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	916 <term>ENDSECT</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	917 <term>ENDS</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	918 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	919 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	920 This directive ends the current section. This puts assembly outside of any
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	921 sections until the next SECTION directive.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	922 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	923 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	924
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	925 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	926 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXTERN</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	927 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXTERNAL</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	928 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> IMPORT</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	929 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	930 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	931 This directive defines <parameter>sym</parameter> as an external symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	932 This directive may occur at any point in the source code. EXTERN definitions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	933 are resolved on the first pass so an EXTERN definition anywhere in the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	934 source file is valid for the entire file. The use of this directive is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	935 optional when the assembler is instructed to assume that all undefined
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	936 symbols are external. In fact, in that mode, if the symbol is referenced
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	937 before the EXTERN directive, an error will occur.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	938 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	939 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	940 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	941
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	942 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	943 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXPORT</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	944 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	945 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	946 This directive defines <parameter>sym</parameter> as an exported symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	947 This directive may occur at any point in the source code, even before the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	948 definition of the exported symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	949 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	950 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	951 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	952
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	953 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	954
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	955 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	956
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	957 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	958 <title>Assembler Modes and Pragmas</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	959 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	960 There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	961 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	962 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	963 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	964 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	965 not portable between assemblers.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	966 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	967
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	968 <para>LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	969 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	970 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	971 are as follows.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	972 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	973
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	974 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	975 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	976 <term>PRAGMA <parameter>pragma[,...]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	977 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	978 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	979 Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <parameter>pragma</parameter>s
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	980 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	981 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	982 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	983 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	984 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	985 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	986
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	987 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	988 <term>*PRAGMA <parameter>pragma[,...]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	989 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	990 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	991 This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	992 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	993 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	994 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	995 for correct functioning of the code.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	996 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	997 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	998 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	999 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1000
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1001 <para>Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1002 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1003 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1004 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". Only the positive version is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1005 listed below.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1006
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1007 <para>Pragmas are not case sensitive.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1008
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1009 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1010 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1011 <term>index0tonone</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1012 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1013 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1014 When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1015 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1016 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1017 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1018 of this optimization, it is enabled by default.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1019 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1020 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1021 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1022
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1023 <varlistentry>
159 71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1024 <term>cescapes</term>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1025 <listitem>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1026 <para>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1027 This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1028 have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1029 spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1030 immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1031 on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1032 </para>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1033 </listitem>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1034 </varlistentry>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1035
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1036 <varlistentry>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1037 <term>undefextern</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1038 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1039 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1040 This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1041 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1042 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1043 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1044 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1045 this pragma defaults to off.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1046 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1047 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1048 The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1049 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1050 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1051 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1052 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1053 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1054 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1055 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1056 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1057 This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1058 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1059 for one or two files to use this pragma internally.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1060 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1061 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1062 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1063 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1064
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1065 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1066
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1067 </chapter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1068
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1069 <chapter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1070 <title>LWLINK</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1071 <para>
150 f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1072 The LWTOOLS linker is called LWLINK. This chapter documents the various features
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1073 of the linker.
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1074 </para>
150 f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1075
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1076 <section>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1077 <title>Command Line Options</title>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1078 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1079 The binary for LWLINK is called "lwlink". Note that the binary is in lower
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1080 case. lwlink takes the following command line arguments.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1081 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1082 <variablelist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1083 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1084 <term><option>--decb</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1085 <term><option>-b</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1086 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1087 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1088 Selects the DECB output format target. This is equivalent to <option>--format=decb</option>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1089 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1090 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1091 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1092
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1093 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1094 <term><option>--output=FILE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1095 <term><option>-o FILE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1096 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1097 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1098 This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1099 default is <option>a.out</option>.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1100 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1101 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1102 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1103
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1104 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1105 <term><option>--format=TYPE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1106 <term><option>-f TYPE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1107 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1108 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1109 This option specifies the output format. Valid values are <option>decb</option>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1110 and <option>raw</option>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1111 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1112 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1113 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1114
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1115 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1116 <term><option>--raw</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1117 <term><option>-r</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1118 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1119 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1120 This option specifies the raw output format.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1121 It is equivalent to <option>--format=raw</option>.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1122 and <option>raw</option>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1123 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1124 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1125 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1126
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1127 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1128 <term><option>--script=FILE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1129 <term><option>-s</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1130 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1131 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1132 This option allows specifying a linking script to override the linker's
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1133 built in defaults.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1134 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1135 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1136 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1137
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1138 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1139 <term><option>--debug</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1140 <term><option>-d</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1141 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1142 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1143 This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1144 developers.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1145 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1146 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1147 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1148
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1149 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1150 <term><option>--help</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1151 <term><option>-?</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1152 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1153 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1154 This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1155 of each.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1156 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1157 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1158 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1159
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1160 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1161 <term><option>--usage</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1162 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1163 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1164 This will display a usage summary.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1165 of each.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1166 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1167 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1168 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1169
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1170
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1171 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1172 <term><option>--version</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1173 <term><option>-V</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1174 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1175 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1176 This will display the version of LWLINK.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1177 of each.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1178 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1179 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1180 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1181
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1182 </section>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1183
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1184 <section>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1185 <title>Linker Operation</title>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1186
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1187 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1188 LWLINK takes one or more files in the LWTOOLS object file format and links
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1189 them into a single binary. While the precise method is slightly different,
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1190 linking can be conceptualized as the following steps.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1191 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1192
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1193 <orderedlist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1194 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1195 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1196 First, the linker loads a linking script. If no script is specified, it
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1197 loads a built-in default script based on the output format selected. This
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1198 script tells the linker how to lay out the various sections in the final
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1199 binary.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1200 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1201 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1202
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1203 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1204 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1205 Next, the linker reads all the input files into memory. At this time, it
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1206 flags any format errors in those files. It constructs a table of symbols
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1207 for each object at this time.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1208 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1209 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1210
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1211 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1212 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1213 The linker then proceeds with organizing the sections loaded from each file
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1214 according to the linking script. As it does so, it is able to assign addresses
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1215 to each symbol defined in each object file. At this time, the linker may
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1216 also collapse different instances of the same section name into a single
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1217 section by appending the data from each subsequent instance of the section
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1218 to the first instance of the section.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1219 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1220 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1221
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1222 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1223 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1224 Next, the linker looks through every object file for every incomplete reference.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1225 It then attempts to fully resolve that reference. If it cannot do so, it
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1226 throws an error. Once a reference is resolved, the value is placed into
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1227 the binary code at the specified section. It should be noted that an
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1228 incomplete reference can reference either a symbol internal to the object
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1229 file or an external symbol which is in the export list of another object
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1230 file.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1231 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1232 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1233
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1234 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1235 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1236 If all of the above steps are successful, the linker opens the output file
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1237 and actually constructs the binary.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1238 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1239 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1240 </orderedlist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1241
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1242 </section>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1243
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1244 <section
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1245 <title>Linking Scripts</title>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1246 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1247 A linker script is used to instruct the linker about how to assemble the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1248 various sections into a completed binary. It consists of a series of
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1249 directives which are considered in the order they are encountered.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1250 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1251 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1252 The sections will appear in the resulting binary in the order they are
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1253 specified in the script file. If a referenced section is not found, the linker will behave as though the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1254 section did exist but had a zero size, no relocations, and no exports.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1255 A section should only be referenced once. Any subsequent references will have
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1256 an undefined effect.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1257 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1258
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1259 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1260 All numbers are in linking scripts are specified in hexadecimal. All directives
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1261 are case sensitive although the hexadecimal numbers are not.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1262 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1263
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1264 <para>A section name can be specified as a "*", then any section not
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1265 already matched by the script will be matched. The "*" can be followed
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1266 by a comma and a flag to narrow the section down slightly, also.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1267 If the flag is "!bss", then any section that is not flagged as a bss section
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1268 will be matched. If the flag is "bss", then any section that is flagged as
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1269 bss will be matched.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1270 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1271
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1272 <para>The following directives are understood in a linker script.</para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1273 <variablelist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1274 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1275 <term>section <parameter>name</parameter> load <parameter>addr</parameter></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1276 <listitem><para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1277
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1278 This causes the section <parameter>name</parameter> to load at
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1279 <parameter>addr</parameter>. For the raw target, only one "load at" entry is
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1280 allowed for non-bss sections and it must be the first one. For raw targets,
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1281 it affects the addresses the linker assigns to symbols but has no other
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1282 affect on the output. bss sections may all have separate load addresses but
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1283 since they will not appear in the binary anyway, this is okay.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1284 </para><para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1285 For the decb target, each "load" entry will cause a new "block" to be
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1286 output to the binary which will contain the load address. It is legal for
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1287 sections to overlap in this manner - the linker assumes the loader will sort
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1288 everything out.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1289 </para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1290 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1291
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1292 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1293 <term>section <parameter>name</parameter></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1294 <listitem><para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1295
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1296 This will cause the section <parameter>name</parameter> to load after the previously listed
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1297 section.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1298 </para></listitem></varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1299 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1300 <term>exec <parameter>addr or sym</parameter></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1301 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1302 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1303 This will cause the execution address (entry point) to be the address
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1304 specified (in hex) or the specified symbol name. The symbol name must
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1305 match a symbol that is exported by one of the object files being linked.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1306 This has no effect for targets that do not encode the entry point into the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1307 resulting file. If not specified, the entry point is assumed to be address 0
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1308 which is probably not what you want. The default link scripts for targets
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1309 that support this directive automatically starts at the beginning of the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1310 first section (usually "init" or "code") that is emitted in the binary.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1311 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1312 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1313 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1314
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1315 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1316 <term>pad <parameter>size</parameter></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1317 <listitem><para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1318 This will cause the output file to be padded with NUL bytes to be exactly
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1319 <parameter>size</parameter> bytes in length. This only makes sense for a raw target.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1320 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1321 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1322 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1323 </variablelist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1324
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1325
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1326
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1327 </section>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1328
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1329 </chapter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1330
109 f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1331 <chapter id="objchap">
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1332 <title>Object Files</title>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1333 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1334 LWTOOLS uses a proprietary object file format. It is proprietary in the sense
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1335 that it is specific to LWTOOLS, not that it is a hidden format. It would be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1336 hard to keep it hidden in an open source tool chain anyway. This chapter
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1337 documents the object file format.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1338 </para>
150 f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1339
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1340 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1341 An object file consists of a series of sections each of which contains a
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1342 list of exported symbols, a list of incomplete references, and a list of
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1343 "local" symbols which may be used in calculating incomplete references. Each
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1344 section will obviously also contain the object code.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1345 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1346
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1347 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1348 Exported symbols must be completely resolved to an address within the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1349 section it is exported from. That is, an exported symbol must be a constant
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1350 rather than defined in terms of other symbols.</para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1351
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1352 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1353 Each object file starts with a magic number and version number. The magic
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1354 number is the string "LWOBJ16" for this 16 bit object file format. The only
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1355 defined version number is currently 0. Thus, the first 8 bytes of the object
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1356 file are <code>4C574F424A313600</code>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1357 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1358
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1359 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1360 Each section has the following items in order:
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1361 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1362
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1363 <itemizedlist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1364 <listitem><para>section name</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1365 <listitem><para>flags</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1366 <listitem><para>list of local symbols (and addresses within the section)</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1367 <listitem><para>list of exported symbols (and addresses within the section)</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1368 <listitem><para>list of incomplete references along with the expressions to calculate them</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1369 <listitem><para>the actual object code (for non-BSS sections)</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1370 </itemizedlist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1371
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1372 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1373 The section starts with the name of the section with a NUL termination
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1374 followed by a series of flag bytes terminated by NUL. There are only two
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1375 flag bytes defined. A NUL (0) indicates no more flags and a value of 1
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1376 indicates the section is a BSS section. For a BSS section, no actual
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1377 code is included in the object file.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1378 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1379
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1380 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1381 Either a NULL section name or end of file indicate the presence of no more
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1382 sections.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1383 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1384
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1385 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1386 Each entry in the exported and local symbols table consists of the symbol
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1387 (NUL terminated) followed by two bytes which contain the value in big endian
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1388 order. The end of a symbol table is indicated by a NULL symbol name.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1389 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1390
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1391 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1392 Each entry in the incomplete references table consists of an expression
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1393 followed by a 16 bit offset where the reference goes. Expressions are
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1394 defined as a series of terms up to an "end of expression" term. Each term
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1395 consists of a single byte which identifies the type of term (see below)
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1396 followed by any data required by the term. Then end of the list is flagged
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1397 by a NULL expression (only an end of expression term).
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1398 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1399
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1400 <table frame="all"><title>Object File Term Types</title>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1401 <tgroup cols="2">
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1402 <thead>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1403 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1404 <entry>TERMTYPE</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1405 <entry>Meaning</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1406 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1407 </thead>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1408 <tbody>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1409 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1410 <entry>00</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1411 <entry>end of expression</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1412 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1413
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1414 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1415 <entry>01</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1416 <entry>integer (16 bit in big endian order follows)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1417 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1418 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1419 <entry>02</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1420 <entry> external symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1421 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1422
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1423 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1424 <entry>03</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1425 <entry>local symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1426 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1427
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1428 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1429 <entry>04</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1430 <entry>operator (1 byte operator number)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1431 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1432 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1433 <entry>05</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1434 <entry>section base address reference</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1435 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1436 </tbody>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1437 </tgroup>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1438 </table>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1439
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1440 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1441 External references are resolved using other object files while local
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1442 references are resolved using the local symbol table(s) from this file. This
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1443 allows local symbols that are not exported to have the same names as
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1444 exported symbols or external references.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1445 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1446
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1447 <table frame="all"><title>Object File Operator Numbers</title>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1448 <tgroup cols="2">
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1449 <thead>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1450 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1451 <entry>Number</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1452 <entry>Operator</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1453 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1454 </thead>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1455 <tbody>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1456 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1457 <entry>01</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1458 <entry>addition (+)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1459 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1460 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1461 <entry>02</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1462 <entry>subtraction (-)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1463 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1464 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1465 <entry>03</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1466 <entry>multiplication (*)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1467 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1468 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1469 <entry>04</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1470 <entry>division (/)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1471 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1472 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1473 <entry>05</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1474 <entry>modulus (%)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1475 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1476 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1477 <entry>06</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1478 <entry>integer division (\) (same as division)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1479 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1480
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1481 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1482 <entry>07</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1483 <entry>bitwise and</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1484 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1485
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1486 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1487 <entry>08</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1488 <entry>bitwise or</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1489 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1490
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1491 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1492 <entry>09</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1493 <entry>bitwise xor</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1494 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1495
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1496 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1497 <entry>0A</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1498 <entry>boolean and</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1499 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1500
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1501 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1502 <entry>0B</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1503 <entry>boolean or</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1504 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1505
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1506 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1507 <entry>0C</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1508 <entry>unary negation, 2's complement (-)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1509 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1510
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1511 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1512 <entry>0D</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1513 <entry>unary 1's complement (^)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1514 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1515 </tbody>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1516 </tgroup>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1517 </table>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1518
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1519 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1520 An expression is represented in a postfix manner with both operands for
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1521 binary operators preceding the operator and the single operand for unary
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1522 operators preceding the operator.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1523 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1524
109 f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1525 </chapter>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1526 </book>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1527

Mercurial > hg-old > index.cgi

annotate doc/manual.docbook.sgml @ 159:71561c12b20b