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Added pragma to allow non case sensitive symbols Added "nosymbolcase" and "symbolnocase" pragmas to cause symbols defined while the pragma is in effect to be treated as case insensitive. Also documented the new pragma.
author William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
date Sat, 09 Jun 2012 15:47:22 -0600
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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2 <HTML
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3 ><HEAD
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4 ><TITLE
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5 >Macros</TITLE
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6 ><META
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7 NAME="GENERATOR"
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
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9 REL="HOME"
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10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
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11 HREF="index.html"><LINK
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12 REL="UP"
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13 TITLE="LWASM"
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14 HREF="c45.html"><LINK
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15 REL="PREVIOUS"
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16 TITLE="Assembler Directives"
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17 HREF="x193.html"><LINK
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18 REL="NEXT"
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19 TITLE="Structures"
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20 HREF="x499.html"></HEAD
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21 ><BODY
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22 CLASS="SECTION"
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23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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24 TEXT="#000000"
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25 LINK="#0000FF"
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26 VLINK="#840084"
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27 ALINK="#0000FF"
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28 ><DIV
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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30 ><TABLE
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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32 WIDTH="100%"
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33 BORDER="0"
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34 CELLPADDING="0"
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35 CELLSPACING="0"
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36 ><TR
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37 ><TH
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38 COLSPAN="3"
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39 ALIGN="center"
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH
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41 ></TR
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42 ><TR
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43 ><TD
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44 WIDTH="10%"
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45 ALIGN="left"
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46 VALIGN="bottom"
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47 ><A
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48 HREF="x193.html"
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49 ACCESSKEY="P"
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50 >Prev</A
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51 ></TD
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52 ><TD
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53 WIDTH="80%"
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54 ALIGN="center"
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55 VALIGN="bottom"
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
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57 ><TD
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58 WIDTH="10%"
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59 ALIGN="right"
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60 VALIGN="bottom"
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61 ><A
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62 HREF="x499.html"
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63 ACCESSKEY="N"
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64 >Next</A
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65 ></TD
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66 ></TR
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67 ></TABLE
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68 ><HR
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69 ALIGN="LEFT"
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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71 ><DIV
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72 CLASS="SECTION"
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73 ><H1
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74 CLASS="SECTION"
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75 ><A
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76 NAME="AEN476"
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77 >3.7. Macros</A
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78 ></H1
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79 ><P
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80 >LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a
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81 series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other
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82 assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding
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83 additional assembler directives.</P
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84 ><P
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85 >Macros may accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within a
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86 macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first
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87 through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the
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88 decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). The special expansion "\*"
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89 translates to the exact parameter string, including all parameters, passed
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90 to the macro. These parameter references are replaced with the verbatim text
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91 of the parameter passed to the macro. A reference to a non-existent
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92 parameter will be replaced by an empty string. Macro parameters are expanded
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93 everywhere on each source line. That means the parameter to a macro could be
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94 used as a symbol or it could even appear in a comment or could cause an
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95 entire source line to be commented out when the macro is expanded. </P
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96 ><P
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97 >Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list
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98 is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace
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99 may be included in a macro parameter.</P
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100 ><P
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101 >Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are
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102 expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler
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103 hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be
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104 the reason.</P
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105 ><P
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106 >Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not
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107 inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context
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108 the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols
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109 within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or
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110 outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol
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111 as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do
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112 as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context
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113 rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either
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114 an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results.</P
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115 ><P
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116 >Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All
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117 macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate
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118 namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name
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119 as a macro.</P
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120 ><P
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121 >Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also
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122 only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro
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123 definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used.</P
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124 ><P
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125 >The following directives are used when defining macros.</P
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126 ><P
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127 ></P
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128 ><DIV
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129 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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130 ><DL
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131 ><DT
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132 ><CODE
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133 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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134 >macroname</CODE
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135 > MACRO [NOEXPAND]</DT
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136 ><DD
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137 ><P
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138 >This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called
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139 <CODE
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140 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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141 >macroname</CODE
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142 >. If <CODE
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143 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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144 >macroname</CODE
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145 > already
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146 exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a
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147 macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not
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148 be relied upon.</P
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149 ><P
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150 >If NOEXPAND is specified, the macro will not be expanded in a program
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151 listing. Instead, all bytes emitted by all instructions within the macro
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152 will appear to be emitted on the line where the macro is invoked, starting
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153 at the address of the line of the invokation. If the macro uses ORG or other
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154 directives that define symbols or change the assembly address, these things
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155 will also be hidden (except in the symbol table) and the output bytes will
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156 appear with incorrect address attribution. Thus, NOEXPAND should only be
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157 used for macros that do not mess with the assembly address or otherwise
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158 define symbols that should be visible.</P
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159 ></DD
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160 ><DT
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161 >ENDM</DT
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162 ><DD
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163 ><P
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164 >This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It
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165 causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal.</P
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166 ></DD
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167 ></DL
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168 ></DIV
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169 ></DIV
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170 ><DIV
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171 CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
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172 ><HR
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173 ALIGN="LEFT"
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174 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
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175 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
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176 WIDTH="100%"
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177 BORDER="0"
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178 CELLPADDING="0"
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179 CELLSPACING="0"
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180 ><TR
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181 ><TD
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182 WIDTH="33%"
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183 ALIGN="left"
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184 VALIGN="top"
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185 ><A
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186 HREF="x193.html"
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187 ACCESSKEY="P"
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188 >Prev</A
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189 ></TD
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190 ><TD
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191 WIDTH="34%"
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192 ALIGN="center"
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193 VALIGN="top"
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194 ><A
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195 HREF="index.html"
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196 ACCESSKEY="H"
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197 >Home</A
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198 ></TD
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199 ><TD
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200 WIDTH="33%"
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201 ALIGN="right"
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202 VALIGN="top"
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203 ><A
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204 HREF="x499.html"
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205 ACCESSKEY="N"
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206 >Next</A
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207 ></TD
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208 ></TR
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209 ><TR
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210 ><TD
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211 WIDTH="33%"
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212 ALIGN="left"
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213 VALIGN="top"
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214 >Assembler Directives</TD
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215 ><TD
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216 WIDTH="34%"
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217 ALIGN="center"
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218 VALIGN="top"
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219 ><A
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220 HREF="c45.html"
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221 ACCESSKEY="U"
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222 >Up</A
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223 ></TD
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224 ><TD
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225 WIDTH="33%"
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226 ALIGN="right"
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227 VALIGN="top"
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228 >Structures</TD
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229 ></TR
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230 ></TABLE
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231 ></DIV
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232 ></BODY
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233 ></HTML
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234 >