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Add flag to output stream for end of unicorns Unicorn information ends at UNICORNSAWAY: to allow easy identification of the assembly listing.
author William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
date Sun, 15 Jul 2012 21:46:29 -0600
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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2 <HTML
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3 ><HEAD
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4 ><TITLE
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5 >Structures</TITLE
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6 ><META
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7 NAME="GENERATOR"
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
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9 REL="HOME"
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10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
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11 HREF="index.html"><LINK
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12 REL="UP"
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13 TITLE="LWASM"
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14 HREF="c45.html"><LINK
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15 REL="PREVIOUS"
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16 TITLE="Macros"
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17 HREF="x476.html"><LINK
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18 REL="NEXT"
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19 TITLE="Object Files and Sections"
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20 HREF="x520.html"></HEAD
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21 ><BODY
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22 CLASS="SECTION"
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23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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24 TEXT="#000000"
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25 LINK="#0000FF"
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26 VLINK="#840084"
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27 ALINK="#0000FF"
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28 ><DIV
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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30 ><TABLE
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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32 WIDTH="100%"
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33 BORDER="0"
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34 CELLPADDING="0"
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35 CELLSPACING="0"
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36 ><TR
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37 ><TH
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38 COLSPAN="3"
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39 ALIGN="center"
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH
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41 ></TR
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42 ><TR
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43 ><TD
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44 WIDTH="10%"
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45 ALIGN="left"
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46 VALIGN="bottom"
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47 ><A
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48 HREF="x476.html"
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49 ACCESSKEY="P"
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50 >Prev</A
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51 ></TD
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52 ><TD
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53 WIDTH="80%"
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54 ALIGN="center"
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55 VALIGN="bottom"
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
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57 ><TD
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58 WIDTH="10%"
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59 ALIGN="right"
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60 VALIGN="bottom"
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61 ><A
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62 HREF="x520.html"
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63 ACCESSKEY="N"
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64 >Next</A
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65 ></TD
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66 ></TR
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67 ></TABLE
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68 ><HR
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69 ALIGN="LEFT"
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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71 ><DIV
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72 CLASS="SECTION"
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73 ><H1
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74 CLASS="SECTION"
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75 ><A
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76 NAME="AEN499"
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77 >3.8. Structures</A
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78 ></H1
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79 ><P
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80 >&#13;Structures are used to group related data in a fixed structure. A structure
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81 consists a number of fields, defined in sequential order and which take up
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82 specified size. The assembler does not enforce any means of access within a
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83 structure; it assumes that whatever you are doing, you intended to do.
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84 There are two pseudo ops that are used for defining structures.&#13;</P
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85 ><P
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86 ></P
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87 ><DIV
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88 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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89 ><DL
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90 ><DT
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91 ><CODE
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92 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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93 >structname</CODE
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94 > STRUCT</DT
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95 ><DD
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96 ><P
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97 >&#13;This directive is used to begin the definition of a structure with name
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98 <CODE
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99 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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100 >structname</CODE
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101 >. Subsequent statements all form part of
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102 the structure definition until the end of the structure is declared.&#13;</P
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103 ></DD
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104 ><DT
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105 >ENDSTRUCT, ENDS</DT
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106 ><DD
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107 ><P
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108 >This directive ends the definition of the structure. ENDSTRUCT is the
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109 preferred form. Prior to version 3.0 of LWASM, ENDS was used to end a
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110 section instead of a structure.</P
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111 ></DD
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112 ></DL
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113 ></DIV
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114 ><P
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115 >&#13;Within a structure definition, only reservation pseudo ops are permitted.
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116 Anything else will cause an assembly error.</P
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117 ><P
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118 > Once a structure is defined, you can reserve an area of memory in the
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119 same structure by using the structure name as the opcode. Structures can
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120 also contain fields that are themselves structures. See the example
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121 below.</P
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122 ><PRE
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123 CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
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124 >tstruct2 STRUCT
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125 f1 rmb 1
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126 f2 rmb 1
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127 ENDSTRUCT
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128
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129 tstruct STRUCT
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130 field1 rmb 2
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131 field2 rmb 3
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132 field3 tstruct2
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133 ENDSTRUCT
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134
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135 ORG $2000
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136 var1 tstruct
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137 var2 tstruct2</PRE
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138 ><P
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139 >Fields are referenced using a dot (.) as a separator. To refer to the
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140 generic offset within a structure, use the structure name to the left of the
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141 dot. If referring to a field within an actual variable, use the variable's
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142 symbol name to the left of the dot.</P
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143 ><P
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144 >You can also refer to the actual size of a structure (or a variable
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145 declared as a structure) using the special symbol sizeof{structname} where
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146 structname will be the name of the structure or the name of the
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147 variable.</P
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148 ><P
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149 >Essentially, structures are a shortcut for defining a vast number of
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150 symbols. When a structure is defined, the assembler creates symbols for the
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151 various fields in the form structname.fieldname as well as the appropriate
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152 sizeof{structname} symbol. When a variable is declared as a structure, the
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153 assembler does the same thing using the name of the variable. You will see
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154 these symbols in the symbol table when the assembler is instructed to
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155 provide a listing. For instance, the above listing will create the
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156 following symbols (symbol values in parentheses): tstruct2.f1 (0),
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157 tstruct2.f2 (1), sizeof{tstruct2} (2), tstruct.field1 (0), tstruct.field2
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158 (2), tstruct.field3 (5), tstruct.field3.f1 (5), tstruct.field3.f2 (6),
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159 sizeof{tstruct.field3} (2), sizeof{tstruct} (7), var1 {$2000}, var1.field1
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160 {$2000}, var1.field2 {$2002}, var1.field3 {$2005}, var1.field3.f1 {$2005},
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161 var1.field3.f2 {$2006}, sizeof(var1.field3} (2), sizeof{var1} (7), var2
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162 ($2007), var2.f1 ($2007), var2.f2 ($2008), sizeof{var2} (2). </P
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163 ></DIV
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164 ><DIV
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165 CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
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166 ><HR
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167 ALIGN="LEFT"
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168 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
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169 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
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170 WIDTH="100%"
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171 BORDER="0"
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172 CELLPADDING="0"
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173 CELLSPACING="0"
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174 ><TR
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175 ><TD
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176 WIDTH="33%"
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177 ALIGN="left"
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178 VALIGN="top"
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179 ><A
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180 HREF="x476.html"
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181 ACCESSKEY="P"
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182 >Prev</A
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183 ></TD
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184 ><TD
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185 WIDTH="34%"
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186 ALIGN="center"
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187 VALIGN="top"
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188 ><A
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189 HREF="index.html"
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190 ACCESSKEY="H"
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191 >Home</A
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192 ></TD
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193 ><TD
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194 WIDTH="33%"
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195 ALIGN="right"
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196 VALIGN="top"
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197 ><A
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198 HREF="x520.html"
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199 ACCESSKEY="N"
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200 >Next</A
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201 ></TD
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202 ></TR
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203 ><TR
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204 ><TD
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205 WIDTH="33%"
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206 ALIGN="left"
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207 VALIGN="top"
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208 >Macros</TD
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209 ><TD
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210 WIDTH="34%"
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211 ALIGN="center"
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212 VALIGN="top"
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213 ><A
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214 HREF="c45.html"
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215 ACCESSKEY="U"
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216 >Up</A
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217 ></TD
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218 ><TD
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219 WIDTH="33%"
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220 ALIGN="right"
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221 VALIGN="top"
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222 >Object Files and Sections</TD
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223 ></TR
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224 ></TABLE
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225 ></DIV
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226 ></BODY
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227 ></HTML
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228 >