Mercurial > hg > index.cgi

annotate docs/manual/x762.html @ 229:164487152dd9

Find changesets by keywords (author, files, the commit message), revision number or hash, or revset expression.
Add flag to output stream for end of unicorns Unicorn information ends at UNICORNSAWAY: to allow easy identification of the assembly listing.
author William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
date Sun, 15 Jul 2012 21:46:29 -0600
parents 1e0a0e6cd918
children
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
168
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
2 <HTML
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
3 ><HEAD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
4 ><TITLE
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
5 >Linker Operation</TITLE
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
6 ><META
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
7 NAME="GENERATOR"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
9 REL="HOME"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
11 HREF="index.html"><LINK
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
12 REL="UP"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
13 TITLE="LWLINK"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
14 HREF="c662.html"><LINK
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
15 REL="PREVIOUS"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
16 TITLE="LWLINK"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
17 HREF="c662.html"><LINK
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
18 REL="NEXT"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
19 TITLE="Linking Scripts"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
20 HREF="x776.html"></HEAD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
21 ><BODY
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
22 CLASS="SECTION"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
24 TEXT="#000000"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
25 LINK="#0000FF"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
26 VLINK="#840084"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
27 ALINK="#0000FF"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
28 ><DIV
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
29 CLASS="NAVHEADER"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
30 ><TABLE
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
32 WIDTH="100%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
33 BORDER="0"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
34 CELLPADDING="0"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
35 CELLSPACING="0"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
36 ><TR
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
37 ><TH
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
38 COLSPAN="3"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
39 ALIGN="center"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
40 >LW Tool Chain</TH
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
41 ></TR
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
42 ><TR
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
43 ><TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
44 WIDTH="10%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
45 ALIGN="left"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
46 VALIGN="bottom"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
47 ><A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
48 HREF="c662.html"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
49 ACCESSKEY="P"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
50 >Prev</A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
51 ></TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
52 ><TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
53 WIDTH="80%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
54 ALIGN="center"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
55 VALIGN="bottom"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
56 >Chapter 4. LWLINK</TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
57 ><TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
58 WIDTH="10%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
59 ALIGN="right"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
60 VALIGN="bottom"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
61 ><A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
62 HREF="x776.html"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
63 ACCESSKEY="N"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
64 >Next</A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
65 ></TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
66 ></TR
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
67 ></TABLE
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
68 ><HR
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
69 ALIGN="LEFT"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
71 ><DIV
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
72 CLASS="SECTION"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
73 ><H1
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
74 CLASS="SECTION"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
75 ><A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
76 NAME="AEN762"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
77 >4.2. Linker Operation</A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
78 ></H1
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
79 ><P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
80 >&#13;LWLINK takes one or more files in supported input formats and links them
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
81 into a single binary. Currently supported formats are the LWTOOLS object
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
82 file format and the archive format used by LWAR. While the precise method is
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
83 slightly different, linking can be conceptualized as the following steps.&#13;</P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
84 ><P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
85 ></P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
86 ><OL
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
87 TYPE="1"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
88 ><LI
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
89 ><P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
90 >First, the linker loads a linking script. If no script is specified, it
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
91 loads a built-in default script based on the output format selected. This
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
92 script tells the linker how to lay out the various sections in the final
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
93 binary.</P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
94 ></LI
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
95 ><LI
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
96 ><P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
97 >Next, the linker reads all the input files into memory. At this time, it
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
98 flags any format errors in those files. It constructs a table of symbols
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
99 for each object at this time.</P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
100 ></LI
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
101 ><LI
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
102 ><P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
103 >The linker then proceeds with organizing the sections loaded from each file
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
104 according to the linking script. As it does so, it is able to assign addresses
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
105 to each symbol defined in each object file. At this time, the linker may
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
106 also collapse different instances of the same section name into a single
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
107 section by appending the data from each subsequent instance of the section
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
108 to the first instance of the section.</P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
109 ></LI
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
110 ><LI
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
111 ><P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
112 >Next, the linker looks through every object file for every incomplete reference.
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
113 It then attempts to fully resolve that reference. If it cannot do so, it
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
114 throws an error. Once a reference is resolved, the value is placed into
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
115 the binary code at the specified section. It should be noted that an
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
116 incomplete reference can reference either a symbol internal to the object
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
117 file or an external symbol which is in the export list of another object
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
118 file.</P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
119 ></LI
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
120 ><LI
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
121 ><P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
122 >If all of the above steps are successful, the linker opens the output file
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
123 and actually constructs the binary.</P
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
124 ></LI
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
125 ></OL
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
126 ></DIV
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
127 ><DIV
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
128 CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
129 ><HR
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
130 ALIGN="LEFT"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
131 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
132 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
133 WIDTH="100%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
134 BORDER="0"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
135 CELLPADDING="0"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
136 CELLSPACING="0"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
137 ><TR
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
138 ><TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
139 WIDTH="33%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
140 ALIGN="left"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
141 VALIGN="top"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
142 ><A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
143 HREF="c662.html"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
144 ACCESSKEY="P"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
145 >Prev</A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
146 ></TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
147 ><TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
148 WIDTH="34%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
149 ALIGN="center"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
150 VALIGN="top"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
151 ><A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
152 HREF="index.html"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
153 ACCESSKEY="H"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
154 >Home</A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
155 ></TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
156 ><TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
157 WIDTH="33%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
158 ALIGN="right"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
159 VALIGN="top"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
160 ><A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
161 HREF="x776.html"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
162 ACCESSKEY="N"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
163 >Next</A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
164 ></TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
165 ></TR
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
166 ><TR
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
167 ><TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
168 WIDTH="33%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
169 ALIGN="left"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
170 VALIGN="top"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
171 >LWLINK</TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
172 ><TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
173 WIDTH="34%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
174 ALIGN="center"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
175 VALIGN="top"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
176 ><A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
177 HREF="c662.html"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
178 ACCESSKEY="U"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
179 >Up</A
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
180 ></TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
181 ><TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
182 WIDTH="33%"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
183 ALIGN="right"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
184 VALIGN="top"
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
185 >Linking Scripts</TD
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
186 ></TR
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
187 ></TABLE
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
188 ></DIV
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
189 ></BODY
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
190 ></HTML
1e0a0e6cd918 Documentation updates
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff changeset
191 >