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annotate docs/manual/manual.html @ 348:379ef4e08dd2
Update copyright year for manual
author | William Astle <lost@l-w.ca> |
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date | Thu, 09 Apr 2015 13:00:34 -0600 |
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> |
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2 <HTML |
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3 ><HEAD |
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4 ><TITLE |
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5 >LW Tool Chain</TITLE |
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6 ><META |
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7 NAME="GENERATOR" |
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"></HEAD |
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9 ><BODY |
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10 CLASS="BOOK" |
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11 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" |
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12 TEXT="#000000" |
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13 LINK="#0000FF" |
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14 VLINK="#840084" |
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15 ALINK="#0000FF" |
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16 ><DIV |
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17 CLASS="BOOK" |
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18 ><A |
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19 NAME="AEN1" |
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20 ></A |
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21 ><DIV |
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22 CLASS="TITLEPAGE" |
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23 ><H1 |
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24 CLASS="TITLE" |
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25 ><A |
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26 NAME="AEN2" |
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27 >LW Tool Chain</A |
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28 ></H1 |
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29 ><H3 |
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30 CLASS="AUTHOR" |
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31 ><A |
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32 NAME="AEN4" |
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33 ></A |
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34 >William Astle</H3 |
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35 ><H3 |
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36 CLASS="AUTHOR" |
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37 ><A |
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38 NAME="AEN7" |
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39 ></A |
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40 >LWTools Contributors </H3 |
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41 ><P |
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42 CLASS="COPYRIGHT" |
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43 >Copyright © 2009-2015 William Astle and LWTools contributors</P |
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44 ><HR></DIV |
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45 ><DIV |
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46 CLASS="TOC" |
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47 ><DL |
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48 ><DT |
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49 ><B |
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50 >Table of Contents</B |
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51 ></DT |
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52 ><DT |
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53 >1. <A |
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54 HREF="#AEN13" |
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55 >Introduction</A |
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56 ></DT |
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57 ><DD |
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58 ><DL |
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59 ><DT |
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60 >1.1. <A |
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61 HREF="#AEN16" |
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62 >History</A |
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63 ></DT |
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64 ></DL |
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65 ></DD |
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66 ><DT |
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67 >2. <A |
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68 HREF="#AEN21" |
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69 >Output Formats</A |
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70 ></DT |
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71 ><DD |
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72 ><DL |
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73 ><DT |
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74 >2.1. <A |
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75 HREF="#AEN24" |
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76 >Raw Binaries</A |
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77 ></DT |
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78 ><DT |
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79 >2.2. <A |
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80 HREF="#AEN27" |
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81 >DECB Binaries</A |
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82 ></DT |
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83 ><DT |
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84 >2.3. <A |
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85 HREF="#AEN32" |
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86 >ASCII Hexadecimal</A |
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87 ></DT |
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88 ><DT |
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89 >2.4. <A |
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90 HREF="#AEN36" |
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91 >Motorola S-Record</A |
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92 ></DT |
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93 ><DT |
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94 >2.5. <A |
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95 HREF="#AEN41" |
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96 >Intel Hex</A |
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97 ></DT |
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98 ><DT |
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99 >2.6. <A |
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100 HREF="#AEN46" |
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101 >OS9 Modules</A |
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102 ></DT |
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103 ><DT |
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104 >2.7. <A |
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105 HREF="#AEN54" |
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106 >Object Files</A |
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107 ></DT |
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108 ></DL |
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109 ></DD |
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110 ><DT |
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111 >3. <A |
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112 HREF="#AEN62" |
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113 >LWASM</A |
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114 ></DT |
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115 ><DD |
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116 ><DL |
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117 ><DT |
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118 >3.1. <A |
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119 HREF="#AEN65" |
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120 >Command Line Options</A |
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121 ></DT |
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122 ><DT |
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123 >3.2. <A |
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124 HREF="#AEN197" |
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125 >Dialects</A |
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126 ></DT |
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127 ><DT |
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128 >3.3. <A |
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129 HREF="#AEN206" |
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130 >Source Format</A |
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131 ></DT |
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132 ><DT |
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133 >3.4. <A |
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134 HREF="#AEN216" |
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135 >Symbols</A |
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136 ></DT |
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137 ><DT |
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138 >3.5. <A |
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139 HREF="#AEN221" |
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140 >Numbers and Expressions</A |
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141 ></DT |
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142 ><DT |
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143 >3.6. <A |
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144 HREF="#AEN229" |
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145 >Assembler Directives</A |
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146 ></DT |
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147 ><DD |
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148 ><DL |
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149 ><DT |
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150 >3.6.1. <A |
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151 HREF="#AEN232" |
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152 >Data Directives</A |
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153 ></DT |
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154 ><DT |
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155 >3.6.2. <A |
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156 HREF="#AEN343" |
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157 >Address Definition</A |
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158 ></DT |
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159 ><DT |
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160 >3.6.3. <A |
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161 HREF="#AEN390" |
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162 >Conditional Assembly</A |
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163 ></DT |
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164 ><DT |
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165 >3.6.4. <A |
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166 HREF="#AEN455" |
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167 >OS9 Target Directives</A |
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168 ></DT |
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169 ><DT |
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170 >3.6.5. <A |
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171 HREF="#AEN480" |
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172 >Miscelaneous Directives</A |
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173 ></DT |
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174 ></DL |
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175 ></DD |
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176 ><DT |
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177 >3.7. <A |
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178 HREF="#AEN520" |
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179 >Macros</A |
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180 ></DT |
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181 ><DT |
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182 >3.8. <A |
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183 HREF="#AEN543" |
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184 >Structures</A |
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185 ></DT |
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186 ><DT |
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187 >3.9. <A |
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188 HREF="#AEN564" |
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189 >Object Files and Sections</A |
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190 ></DT |
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191 ><DT |
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192 >3.10. <A |
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193 HREF="#AEN628" |
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194 >Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A |
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195 ></DT |
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196 ></DL |
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197 ></DD |
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198 ><DT |
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199 >4. <A |
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200 HREF="#AEN734" |
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201 >LWLINK</A |
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202 ></DT |
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203 ><DD |
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204 ><DL |
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205 ><DT |
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206 >4.1. <A |
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207 HREF="#AEN737" |
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208 >Command Line Options</A |
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209 ></DT |
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210 ><DT |
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211 >4.2. <A |
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212 HREF="#AEN834" |
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213 >Linker Operation</A |
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214 ></DT |
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215 ><DT |
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216 >4.3. <A |
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217 HREF="#AEN848" |
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218 >Linking Scripts</A |
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219 ></DT |
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220 ><DT |
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221 >4.4. <A |
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222 HREF="#AEN914" |
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223 >Format Specific Linking Notes</A |
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224 ></DT |
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225 ><DD |
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226 ><DL |
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227 ><DT |
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228 >4.4.1. <A |
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229 HREF="#AEN917" |
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230 >OS9 Modules</A |
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231 ></DT |
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232 ></DL |
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233 ></DD |
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234 ></DL |
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235 ></DD |
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236 ><DT |
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237 >5. <A |
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238 HREF="#AEN929" |
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239 >Libraries and LWAR</A |
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240 ></DT |
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241 ><DD |
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242 ><DL |
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243 ><DT |
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244 >5.1. <A |
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245 HREF="#AEN933" |
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246 >Command Line Options</A |
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247 ></DT |
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248 ></DL |
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249 ></DD |
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250 ><DT |
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251 >6. <A |
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252 HREF="#OBJCHAP" |
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253 >Object Files</A |
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254 ></DT |
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255 ></DL |
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256 ></DIV |
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257 ><DIV |
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258 CLASS="LOT" |
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259 ><DL |
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260 CLASS="LOT" |
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261 ><DT |
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262 ><B |
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263 >List of Tables</B |
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264 ></DT |
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265 ><DT |
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266 >6-1. <A |
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267 HREF="#AEN1016" |
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268 >Object File Term Types</A |
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269 ></DT |
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270 ><DT |
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271 >6-2. <A |
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272 HREF="#AEN1046" |
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273 >Object File Operator Numbers</A |
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274 ></DT |
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275 ></DL |
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276 ></DIV |
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277 ><DIV |
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278 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
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279 ><HR><H1 |
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280 ><A |
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281 NAME="AEN13" |
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282 ></A |
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283 >Chapter 1. Introduction</H1 |
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284 ><P |
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285 >The LW tool chain provides utilities for building binaries for MC6809 and |
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286 HD6309 CPUs. The tool chain includes a cross-assembler and a cross-linker |
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287 which support several styles of output.</P |
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288 ><DIV |
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289 CLASS="SECTION" |
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290 ><HR><H2 |
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291 CLASS="SECTION" |
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292 ><A |
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293 NAME="AEN16" |
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294 >1.1. History</A |
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295 ></H2 |
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296 ><P |
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297 >For a long time, I have had an interest in creating an operating system for |
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298 the Coco3. I finally started working on that project around the beginning of |
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299 2006. I had a number of assemblers I could choose from. Eventually, I settled |
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300 on one and started tinkering. After a while, I realized that assembler was not |
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301 going to be sufficient due to lack of macros and issues with forward references. |
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302 Then I tried another which handled forward references correctly but still did |
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303 not support macros. I looked around at other assemblers and they all lacked |
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304 one feature or another that I really wanted for creating my operating system.</P |
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305 ><P |
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306 >The solution seemed clear at that point. I am a fair programmer so I figured |
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307 I could write an assembler that would do everything I wanted an assembler to |
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308 do. Thus the LWASM probject was born. After more than two years of on and off |
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309 work, version 1.0 of LWASM was released in October of 2008.</P |
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310 ><P |
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311 >As the aforementioned operating system project progressed further, it became |
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312 clear that while assembling the whole project through a single file was doable, |
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313 it was not practical. When I found myself playing some fancy games with macros |
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314 in a bid to simulate sections, I realized I needed a means of assembling |
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315 source files separately and linking them later. This spawned a major development |
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316 effort to add an object file support to LWASM. It also spawned the LWLINK |
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317 project to provide a means to actually link the files.</P |
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318 ></DIV |
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319 ></DIV |
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320 ><DIV |
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321 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
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322 ><HR><H1 |
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323 ><A |
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324 NAME="AEN21" |
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325 ></A |
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326 >Chapter 2. Output Formats</H1 |
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327 ><P |
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328 >The LW tool chain supports multiple output formats. Each format has its |
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329 advantages and disadvantages. Each format is described below.</P |
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330 ><DIV |
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331 CLASS="SECTION" |
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332 ><HR><H2 |
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333 CLASS="SECTION" |
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334 ><A |
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335 NAME="AEN24" |
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336 >2.1. Raw Binaries</A |
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337 ></H2 |
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338 ><P |
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339 >A raw binary is simply a string of bytes. There are no headers or other |
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340 niceties. Both LWLINK and LWASM support generating raw binaries. ORG directives |
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341 in the source code only serve to set the addresses that will be used for |
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342 symbols but otherwise have no direct impact on the resulting binary.</P |
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343 ></DIV |
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344 ><DIV |
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345 CLASS="SECTION" |
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346 ><HR><H2 |
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347 CLASS="SECTION" |
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348 ><A |
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349 NAME="AEN27" |
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350 >2.2. DECB Binaries</A |
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351 ></H2 |
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352 ><P |
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353 >A DECB binary is compatible with the LOADM command in Disk Extended |
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354 Color Basic on the CoCo. They are also compatible with CLOADM from Extended |
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355 Color Basic. These binaries include the load address of the binary as well |
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356 as encoding an execution address. These binaries may contain multiple loadable |
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357 sections, each of which has its own load address.</P |
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358 ><P |
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359 >Each binary starts with a preamble. Each preamble is five bytes long. The |
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360 first byte is zero. The next two bytes specify the number of bytes to load |
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361 and the last two bytes specify the address to load the bytes at. Then, a |
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362 string of bytes follows. After this string of bytes, there may be another |
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363 preamble or a postamble. A postamble is also five bytes in length. The first |
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364 byte of the postamble is $FF, the next two are zero, and the last two are |
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365 the execution address for the binary.</P |
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366 ><P |
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367 >Both LWASM and LWLINK can output this format.</P |
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368 ></DIV |
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369 ><DIV |
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370 CLASS="SECTION" |
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371 ><HR><H2 |
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372 CLASS="SECTION" |
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373 ><A |
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374 NAME="AEN32" |
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375 >2.3. ASCII Hexadecimal</A |
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376 ></H2 |
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377 ><P |
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378 >This human-readable ASCII hexadecimal format consists of CR+LF terminated |
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379 lines of ASCII text. Each line has the following structure: a zero-padded |
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380 four-digit ASCII hex address, a colon separator, and one or more zero-padded |
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381 two-digit hex values separated by commas. ASCII Hexadecimal format favors |
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382 paragraph-aligned addresses (i.e. a least significant address nybble value |
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383 of zero). During output, the number of hex values on each line are adjusted |
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384 to align the address of the next line on a paragraph boundary. The sequence |
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385 of addresses in the ASCII Hexadecimal file directly follows that of the source |
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386 file; multiple ORG directives in the source code may result in out-of-sequence |
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387 addresses in the ASCII Hexadecimal output.</P |
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388 ><P |
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389 >LWASM can output this format since version 4.10.</P |
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390 ></DIV |
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391 ><DIV |
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392 CLASS="SECTION" |
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393 ><HR><H2 |
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394 CLASS="SECTION" |
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395 ><A |
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396 NAME="AEN36" |
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397 >2.4. Motorola S-Record</A |
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398 ></H2 |
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399 ><P |
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400 >This ASCII format consists of a series of CR+LF terminated "records" of ASCII |
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401 text. Each record has the following structure: a start-of-record character |
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402 "S", an ASCII record type digit (0-9), a two-digit ASCII hex byte count, a |
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403 four-digit ASCII hex address, an optional sequence of two-digit ASCII hex data |
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404 values, and a two-digit ASCII hex checksum. The LW tool chain issues only S0, |
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405 S1, S5 and S9 record types. S1 records are limited to maximum of 16 data bytes |
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406 in length, and paragraph alignment of addresses is favored. The address |
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407 sequence of the S-Records directly follows that of the source file; multiple |
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408 ORG directives in the source code may result in out-of-sequence addresses in |
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409 the S-Record output. </P |
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410 ><P |
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411 >Motorola S-Record format is a standard ASCII format accepted by most memory |
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412 device programming equipment. It is particularly useful when the assembled |
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413 code output is destined to reside within an EPROM or Flash memory device, |
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414 for example.</P |
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415 ><P |
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416 >LWASM can output this format since version 4.10. LWLINK can output this format |
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417 since version 4.11.</P |
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418 ></DIV |
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419 ><DIV |
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420 CLASS="SECTION" |
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421 ><HR><H2 |
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422 CLASS="SECTION" |
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423 ><A |
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424 NAME="AEN41" |
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425 >2.5. Intel Hex</A |
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426 ></H2 |
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427 ><P |
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428 >This ASCII format consists of a series of CR+LF terminated "records" of ASCII |
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429 text. Each record has the following structure: a start-of-record character |
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430 ":", a two-digit ASCII hex byte count, a four-digit ASCII hex address, a two- |
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431 digit ASCII hex record type, an optional sequence of two-digit ASCII hex data |
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432 values, and a two-digit ASCII hex checksum. The LW tool chain issues only 00, |
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433 and 01 Intel Hex record types. Data records are limited to maximum of 16 |
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434 data bytes in length, and paragraph alignment of addresses is favored. The |
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435 address sequence of the Intel hex records directly follows that of the source |
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436 file; multiple ORG directives in the source code may result in out-of-sequence |
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437 addresses in the Intel Hex output. </P |
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438 ><P |
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439 >Intel Hex format is the other standard ASCII format accepted by most memory |
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440 device programming equipment, it and the Motorola S-Record format are used for |
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441 similar purposes.</P |
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442 ><P |
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443 >LWASM can output this format since version 4.10.</P |
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444 ></DIV |
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445 ><DIV |
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446 CLASS="SECTION" |
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447 ><HR><H2 |
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448 CLASS="SECTION" |
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449 ><A |
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450 NAME="AEN46" |
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451 >2.6. OS9 Modules</A |
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452 ></H2 |
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453 ><P |
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454 > Since version 2.5, LWASM is able to generate OS9 modules. The syntax is |
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455 basically the same as for other assemblers. A module starts with the MOD |
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456 directive and ends with the EMOD directive. The OS9 directive is provided |
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457 as a shortcut for writing system calls. </P |
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458 ><P |
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459 > LWASM does NOT provide an OS9Defs file. You must provide your own. Also note |
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460 that the common practice of using "ifp1" around the inclusion of the OS9Defs |
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461 file is discouraged as it is pointless and can lead to unintentional |
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462 problems and phasing errors. Because LWASM reads each file exactly once, |
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463 there is no benefit to restricting the inclusion to the first assembly pass. </P |
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464 ><P |
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465 > As of version 4.5, LWASM also implements the standard data/code address |
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466 streams for OS9 modules. That means that between MOD and EMOD, any RMB, |
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467 RMD, RMQ, or equivalent directives will move the data address ahead and |
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468 leave the code address unmodified. Outside of an actual module, both the |
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469 code and data addresses are moved ahead equally. That last bit is critical |
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470 to understand because it means any directives that follow an EMOD directive |
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471 may have different results than other assemblers. </P |
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472 ><P |
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473 > Additionally, within a module body, the ORG directive sets only the data |
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474 address, not the code address. However, outside a module body, ORG sets both |
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475 addresses. </P |
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476 ><P |
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477 >Both code and data addresses are reset to 0 by the MOD directive.</P |
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478 ><P |
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479 > As of version 4.5, LWLINK also supports creation of OS9 modules. </P |
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480 ></DIV |
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481 ><DIV |
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482 CLASS="SECTION" |
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483 ><HR><H2 |
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484 CLASS="SECTION" |
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485 ><A |
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486 NAME="AEN54" |
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487 >2.7. Object Files</A |
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488 ></H2 |
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489 ><P |
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490 >LWASM supports generating a proprietary object file format which is |
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491 described in <A |
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492 HREF="#OBJCHAP" |
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493 >Chapter 6</A |
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494 >. LWLINK is then used to link these |
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495 object files into a final binary in any of LWLINK's supported binary |
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496 formats.</P |
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497 ><P |
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498 >Object files also support the concept of sections which are not valid |
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499 for other output types. This allows related code from each object file |
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500 linked to be collapsed together in the final binary.</P |
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501 ><P |
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502 >Object files are very flexible in that they allow references that are not |
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503 known at assembly time to be resolved at link time. However, because the |
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504 addresses of such references are not known at assembly time, there is no way |
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505 for the assembler to deduce that an eight bit addressing mode is possible. |
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506 That means the assember will default to using sixteen bit addressing |
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507 whenever an external or cross-section reference is used.</P |
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508 ><P |
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509 >As of LWASM 2.4, it is possible to force direct page addressing for an |
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510 external reference. Care must be taken to ensure the resulting addresses |
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511 are really in the direct page since the linker does not know what the direct |
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512 page is supposed to be and does not emit errors for byte overflows.</P |
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513 ><P |
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514 >It is also possible to use external references in an eight bit immediate |
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515 mode instruction. In this case, only the low order eight bits will be used. |
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516 Again, no byte overflows will be flagged.</P |
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517 ></DIV |
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518 ></DIV |
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519 ><DIV |
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520 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
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521 ><HR><H1 |
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522 ><A |
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523 NAME="AEN62" |
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524 ></A |
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525 >Chapter 3. LWASM</H1 |
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526 ><P |
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527 >The LWTOOLS assembler is called LWASM. This chapter documents the various |
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528 features of the assembler. It is not, however, a tutorial on 6x09 assembly |
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529 language programming.</P |
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530 ><DIV |
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531 CLASS="SECTION" |
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532 ><HR><H2 |
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533 CLASS="SECTION" |
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534 ><A |
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535 NAME="AEN65" |
153
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536 >3.1. Command Line Options</A |
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537 ></H2 |
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538 ><P |
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539 >The binary for LWASM is called "lwasm". Note that the binary is in lower |
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540 case. lwasm takes the following command line arguments.</P |
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541 ><P |
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542 ></P |
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543 ><DIV |
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544 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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545 ><DL |
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546 ><DT |
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547 ><CODE |
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548 CLASS="OPTION" |
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549 >--6309</CODE |
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550 >, <CODE |
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551 CLASS="OPTION" |
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552 >-3</CODE |
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553 ></DT |
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554 ><DD |
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555 ><P |
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556 >This will cause the assembler to accept the additional instructions available |
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557 on the 6309 processor. This is the default mode; this option is provided for |
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558 completeness and to override preset command arguments.</P |
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559 ></DD |
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560 ><DT |
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561 ><CODE |
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562 CLASS="OPTION" |
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563 >--6800compat</CODE |
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564 ></DT |
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565 ><DD |
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566 ><P |
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567 >This is equivalent to <CODE |
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568 CLASS="OPTION" |
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569 >--pragma=6800compat</CODE |
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570 >.</P |
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571 ><P |
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572 >This will enable recognition of 6800 compatibility instructions.</P |
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573 ></DD |
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574 ><DT |
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575 ><CODE |
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576 CLASS="OPTION" |
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577 >--6809</CODE |
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578 >, <CODE |
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579 CLASS="OPTION" |
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580 >-9</CODE |
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581 ></DT |
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582 ><DD |
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583 ><P |
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584 >This will cause the assembler to reject instructions that are only available |
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585 on the 6309 processor.</P |
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586 ></DD |
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587 ><DT |
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588 ><CODE |
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589 CLASS="OPTION" |
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590 >--decb</CODE |
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591 >, <CODE |
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592 CLASS="OPTION" |
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593 >-b</CODE |
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594 ></DT |
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595 ><DD |
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596 ><P |
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597 >Select the DECB output format target. Equivalent to <CODE |
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598 CLASS="OPTION" |
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599 >--format=decb</CODE |
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600 >.</P |
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601 ><P |
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602 >While this is the default output format currently, it is not safe to rely |
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603 on that fact. Future versions may have different defaults. It is also trivial |
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604 to modify the source code to change the default. Thus, it is recommended to specify |
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605 this option if you need DECB output.</P |
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606 ></DD |
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607 ><DT |
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608 ><CODE |
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609 CLASS="OPTION" |
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610 >--format=type</CODE |
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611 >, <CODE |
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612 CLASS="OPTION" |
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613 >-f type</CODE |
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614 ></DT |
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615 ><DD |
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616 ><P |
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617 >Select the output format. Valid values are <CODE |
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618 CLASS="OPTION" |
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619 >obj</CODE |
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620 > for the |
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621 object file target, <CODE |
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622 CLASS="OPTION" |
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623 >decb</CODE |
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624 > for the DECB LOADM format, |
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625 <CODE |
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626 CLASS="OPTION" |
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627 >os9</CODE |
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628 > for creating OS9 modules, <CODE |
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629 CLASS="OPTION" |
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630 >raw</CODE |
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631 > for |
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632 a raw binary, <CODE |
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633 CLASS="OPTION" |
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634 >hex</CODE |
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635 > for ASCII hexadecminal format, |
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636 <CODE |
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637 CLASS="OPTION" |
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638 >srec</CODE |
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639 > for Motorola S-Record format, and <CODE |
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640 CLASS="OPTION" |
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641 >ihex</CODE |
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642 > |
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643 for Intel Hex format.</P |
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644 ></DD |
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645 ><DT |
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646 ><CODE |
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647 CLASS="OPTION" |
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648 >--list[=file]</CODE |
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649 >, <CODE |
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650 CLASS="OPTION" |
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651 >-l[file]</CODE |
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652 ></DT |
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653 ><DD |
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654 ><P |
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655 >Cause LWASM to generate a listing. If <CODE |
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656 CLASS="OPTION" |
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657 >file</CODE |
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658 > is specified, |
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659 the listing will go to that file. Otherwise it will go to the standard output |
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660 stream. By default, no listing is generated. Unless <CODE |
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661 CLASS="OPTION" |
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662 >--symbols</CODE |
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663 > |
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664 is specified, the list will not include the symbol table.</P |
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665 ></DD |
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666 ><DT |
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667 ><CODE |
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668 CLASS="OPTION" |
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669 >--symbols</CODE |
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670 >, <CODE |
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671 CLASS="OPTION" |
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672 >-s</CODE |
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673 ></DT |
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674 ><DD |
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675 ><P |
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676 >Causes LWASM to generate a list of symbols when generating a listing. |
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677 It has no effect unless a listing is being generated.</P |
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678 ></DD |
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679 ><DT |
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680 ><CODE |
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681 CLASS="OPTION" |
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682 >--obj</CODE |
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683 ></DT |
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684 ><DD |
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685 ><P |
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|
686 >Select the proprietary object file format as the output target.</P |
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parents:
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687 ></DD |
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688 ><DT |
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689 ><CODE |
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|
690 CLASS="OPTION" |
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691 >--output=FILE</CODE |
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692 >, <CODE |
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|
693 CLASS="OPTION" |
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|
694 >-o FILE</CODE |
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695 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
696 ><DD |
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|
697 ><P |
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698 >This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the |
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699 default is <CODE |
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|
700 CLASS="OPTION" |
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|
701 >a.out</CODE |
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|
702 >.</P |
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|
703 ></DD |
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|
704 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
705 ><CODE |
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|
706 CLASS="OPTION" |
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|
707 >--pragma=pragma</CODE |
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|
708 >, <CODE |
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|
709 CLASS="OPTION" |
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|
710 >-p pragma</CODE |
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|
711 ></DT |
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|
712 ><DD |
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|
713 ><P |
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|
714 >Specify assembler pragmas. Multiple pragmas are separated by commas. The |
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|
715 pragmas accepted are the same as for the PRAGMA assembler directive described |
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716 below.</P |
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717 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
718 ><DT |
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|
719 ><CODE |
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parents:
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|
720 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
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|
721 >--raw</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
722 >, <CODE |
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parents:
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|
723 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
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|
724 >-r</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
725 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
726 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
727 ><P |
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parents:
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|
728 >Select raw binary as the output target.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
729 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
730 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
731 ><CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
732 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
diff
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|
733 >--includedir=path</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
734 >, <CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
735 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
diff
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|
736 >-I path</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
737 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
738 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
739 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
740 >Add <CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
741 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
diff
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|
742 >path</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
743 > to the end of the include path.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
744 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
745 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
746 ><CODE |
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parents:
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|
747 CLASS="OPTION" |
231
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
748 >--define=SYM[=VAL]</CODE |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
168
diff
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|
749 >, <CODE |
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
750 CLASS="OPTION" |
245
0bc1c88fe776
Fix typo in documentation of lwasm --define switch.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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236
diff
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|
751 >-D SYM[=VAL]</CODE |
231
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
752 ></DT |
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
753 ><DD |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
168
diff
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|
754 ><P |
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
755 >Pre-defines the symbol SYM as either the specified VAL. If VAL is omitted, |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
756 the symbol is defined as 1. The symbol will be defined as though it were |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
changeset
|
757 defined using the SET directive in the assembly source. That means it can |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
758 be overridden by a SET directive within the source code. Attempting to |
2cc599f1bebf
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
759 redefine SYM using EQU will result in a multiply defined symbol error.</P |
2cc599f1bebf
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
760 ></DD |
2cc599f1bebf
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
168
diff
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|
761 ><DT |
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
762 ><CODE |
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
763 CLASS="OPTION" |
153
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|
764 >--help</CODE |
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parents:
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|
765 >, <CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
766 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
diff
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|
767 >-?</CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
768 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
769 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
770 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
771 >Present a help screen describing the command line options.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
772 ></DD |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
773 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
774 ><CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
775 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
diff
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|
776 >--usage</CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
777 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
778 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
779 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
780 >Provide a summary of the command line options.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
781 ></DD |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
782 ><DT |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
783 ><CODE |
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parents:
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|
784 CLASS="OPTION" |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
785 >--version</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
786 >, <CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
787 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
diff
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|
788 >-V</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
789 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
790 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
791 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
792 >Display the software version.</P |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
793 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
794 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
795 ><CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
796 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
797 >--debug</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
798 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
799 CLASS="OPTION" |
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800 >-d</CODE |
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801 ></DT |
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|
802 ><DD |
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|
803 ><P |
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804 >Increase the debugging level. Only really useful to people hacking on the |
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|
805 LWASM source code itself.</P |
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|
806 ></DD |
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|
807 ></DL |
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|
808 ></DIV |
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|
809 ></DIV |
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810 ><DIV |
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|
811 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
812 ><HR><H2 |
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813 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
814 ><A |
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815 NAME="AEN197" |
153
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816 >3.2. Dialects</A |
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817 ></H2 |
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818 ><P |
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819 > LWASM supports all documented MC6809 instructions as defined by |
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820 Motorola. By default, this does not include any MC6800 compatibility |
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821 instructions. As of LWASM 4.11, those compatibility instructions can be |
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822 enabled using the <CODE |
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823 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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824 >--6800compat</CODE |
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825 > option or the |
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826 <CODE |
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827 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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828 >6800compat</CODE |
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829 > pragma. It also supports all known HD6309 |
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830 instructions. While there is general agreement on the pneumonics for most |
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831 of the 6309 instructions, there is some variance with the block transfer |
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832 instructions. TFM for all four variations seems to have gained the most |
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833 traction and, thus, this is the form that is recommended for LWASM. |
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834 However, it also supports COPY, COPY-, IMP, EXP, TFRP, TFRM, TFRS, and TFRR. |
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835 It further adds COPY+ as a synomym for COPY, IMPLODE for IMP, and EXPAND for |
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836 EXP. </P |
153
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837 ><P |
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838 >By default, LWASM accepts 6309 instructions. However, using the |
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|
839 <CODE |
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|
840 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
841 >--6809</CODE |
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842 > parameter, you can cause it to throw errors on |
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|
843 6309 instructions instead.</P |
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|
844 ><P |
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|
845 >The standard addressing mode specifiers are supported. These are the |
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846 hash sign ("#") for immediate mode, the less than sign ("<") for forced |
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847 eight bit modes, and the greater than sign (">") for forced sixteen bit modes.</P |
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848 ><P |
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849 >Additionally, LWASM supports using the asterisk ("*") to indicate |
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850 base page addressing. This should not be used in hand-written source code, |
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851 however, because it is non-standard and may or may not be present in future |
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|
852 versions of LWASM.</P |
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853 ></DIV |
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|
854 ><DIV |
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|
855 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
856 ><HR><H2 |
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|
857 CLASS="SECTION" |
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858 ><A |
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859 NAME="AEN206" |
153
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860 >3.3. Source Format</A |
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861 ></H2 |
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862 ><P |
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863 >LWASM accepts plain text files in a relatively free form. It can handle |
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864 lines terminated with CR, LF, CRLF, or LFCR which means it should be able |
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865 to assemble files on any platform on which it compiles.</P |
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866 ><P |
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867 >Each line may start with a symbol. If a symbol is present, there must not |
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868 be any whitespace preceding it. It is legal for a line to contain nothing |
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869 but a symbol.</P |
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870 ><P |
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871 >The op code is separated from the symbol by whitespace. If there is |
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872 no symbol, there must be at least one white space character preceding it. |
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873 If applicable, the operand follows separated by whitespace. Following the |
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874 opcode and operand is an optional comment.</P |
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875 ><P |
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876 > It is important to note that operands cannot contain any whitespace |
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877 except in the case of delimited strings. This is because the first |
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878 whitespace character will be interpreted as the separator between the |
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879 operand column and the comment. This behaviour is required for approximate |
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880 source compatibility with other 6x09 assemblers. </P |
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|
881 ><P |
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882 >A comment can also be introduced with a * or a ;. The comment character is |
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883 optional for end of statement comments. However, if a symbol is the only |
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|
884 thing present on the line other than the comment, the comment character is |
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885 mandatory to prevent the assembler from interpreting the comment as an opcode.</P |
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886 ><P |
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887 >For compatibility with the output generated by some C preprocessors, LWASM |
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888 will also ignore lines that begin with a #. This should not be used as a general |
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889 comment character, however.</P |
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890 ><P |
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891 >The opcode is not treated case sensitively. Neither are register names in |
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892 the operand fields. Symbols, however, are case sensitive.</P |
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893 ><P |
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894 > As of version 2.6, LWASM supports files with line numbers. If line |
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895 numbers are present, the line must start with a digit. The line number |
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896 itself must consist only of digits. The line number must then be followed |
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897 by either the end of the line or exactly one white space character. After |
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898 that white space character, the lines are interpreted exactly as above. </P |
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899 ></DIV |
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900 ><DIV |
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901 CLASS="SECTION" |
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902 ><HR><H2 |
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903 CLASS="SECTION" |
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904 ><A |
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905 NAME="AEN216" |
153
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906 >3.4. Symbols</A |
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907 ></H2 |
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908 ><P |
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909 >Symbols have no length restriction. They may contain letters, numbers, dots, |
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910 dollar signs, and underscores. They must start with a letter, dot, or |
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911 underscore.</P |
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912 ><P |
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913 >LWASM also supports the concept of a local symbol. A local symbol is one |
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914 which contains either a "?" or a "@", which can appear anywhere in the symbol. |
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915 The scope of a local symbol is determined by a number of factors. First, |
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|
916 each included file gets its own local symbol scope. A blank line will also |
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|
917 be considered a local scope barrier. Macros each have their own local symbol |
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918 scope as well (which has a side effect that you cannot use a local symbol |
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919 as an argument to a macro). There are other factors as well. In general, |
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920 a local symbol is restricted to the block of code it is defined within.</P |
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|
921 ><P |
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922 >By default, unless assembling to the os9 target, a "$" in the symbol will |
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|
923 also make it local. This can be controlled by the "dollarlocal" and |
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924 "nodollarlocal" pragmas. In the absence of a pragma to the contrary, for |
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925 the os9 target, a "$" in the symbol will not make it considered local while |
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|
926 for all other targets it will.</P |
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927 ></DIV |
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|
928 ><DIV |
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|
929 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
diff
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|
930 ><HR><H2 |
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parents:
diff
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|
931 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
932 ><A |
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933 NAME="AEN221" |
153
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|
934 >3.5. Numbers and Expressions</A |
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|
935 ></H2 |
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|
936 ><P |
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|
937 > Numbers can be expressed in binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal. Binary |
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938 numbers may be prefixed with a "%" symbol or suffixed with a "b" or "B". |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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939 Octal numbers may be prefixed with "@" or suffixed with "Q", "q", "O", or |
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|
940 "o". Hexadecimal numbers may be prefixed with "$", "0x" or "0X", or suffixed |
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diff
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|
941 with "H". No prefix or suffix is required for decimal numbers but they can |
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diff
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|
942 be prefixed with "&" if desired. Any constant which begins with a letter |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
943 must be expressed with the correct prefix base identifier or be prefixed |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
944 with a 0. Thus hexadecimal FF would have to be written either 0FFH or $FF. |
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parents:
diff
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|
945 Numbers are not case sensitive. </P |
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|
946 ><P |
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parents:
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|
947 > A symbol may appear at any point where a number is acceptable. The |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
948 special symbol "*" can be used to represent the starting address of the |
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parents:
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|
949 current source line within expressions. </P |
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|
950 ><P |
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|
951 >The ASCII value of a character can be included by prefixing it with a |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
952 single quote ('). The ASCII values of two characters can be included by |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
953 prefixing the characters with a quote (").</P |
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|
954 ><P |
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|
955 > LWASM supports the following basic binary operators: +, -, *, /, and %. |
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|
956 These represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and |
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|
957 modulus. It also supports unary negation and unary 1's complement (- and ^ |
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|
958 respectively). It is also possible to use ~ for the unary 1's complement |
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|
959 operator. For completeness, a unary positive (+) is supported though it is |
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|
960 a no-op. LWASM also supports using |, &, and ^ for bitwise or, bitwise and, |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
961 and bitwise exclusive or respectively. </P |
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diff
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|
962 ><P |
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|
963 > Operator precedence follows the usual rules. Multiplication, division, and |
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parents:
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|
964 modulus take precedence over addition and subtraction. Unary operators take |
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parents:
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|
965 precedence over binary operators. Bitwise operators are lower precdence |
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diff
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|
966 than addition and subtraction. To force a specific order of evaluation, |
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|
967 parentheses can be used in the usual manner. </P |
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|
968 ><P |
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|
969 > As of LWASM 2.5, the operators && and || are recognized for boolean and and |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
970 boolean or respectively. They will return either 0 or 1 (false or true). |
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|
971 They have the lowest precedence of all the binary operators. </P |
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|
972 ></DIV |
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|
973 ><DIV |
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|
974 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
diff
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|
975 ><HR><H2 |
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parents:
diff
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|
976 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
977 ><A |
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|
978 NAME="AEN229" |
153
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979 >3.6. Assembler Directives</A |
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980 ></H2 |
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|
981 ><P |
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parents:
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|
982 >Various directives can be used to control the behaviour of the |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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983 assembler or to include non-code/data in the resulting output. Those directives |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
984 that are not described in detail in other sections of this document are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
985 described below.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
986 ><DIV |
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|
987 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
988 ><HR><H3 |
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parents:
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|
989 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
990 ><A |
333
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|
991 NAME="AEN232" |
153
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|
992 >3.6.1. Data Directives</A |
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|
993 ></H3 |
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parents:
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|
994 ><P |
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parents:
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|
995 ></P |
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parents:
diff
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|
996 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
997 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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parents:
diff
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|
998 ><DL |
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diff
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|
999 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1000 >FCB <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1001 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1002 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1003 >, .DB <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1004 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1005 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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|
1006 >, .BYTE <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1007 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1008 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1009 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
1010 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
1011 ><P |
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|
1012 >Include one or more constant bytes (separated by commas) in the output.</P |
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|
1013 ></DD |
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|
1014 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1015 >FDB <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1016 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1017 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1018 >, .DW <CODE |
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|
1019 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1020 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1021 >, .WORD <CODE |
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|
1022 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1023 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1024 ></DT |
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|
1025 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
1026 ><P |
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|
1027 >Include one or more words (separated by commas) in the output.</P |
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|
1028 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
1029 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1030 >FQB <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1031 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1032 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1033 >, .QUAD <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1034 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1035 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1036 >, .4BYTE <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1037 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
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|
1038 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1039 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
1040 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
1041 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1042 >Include one or more double words (separated by commas) in the output.</P |
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parents:
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|
1043 ></DD |
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|
1044 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1045 >FCC <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1046 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1047 >string</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1048 >, .ASCII <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1049 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1050 >string</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1051 >, .STR <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1052 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1053 >string</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1054 ></DT |
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|
1055 ><DD |
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|
1056 ><P |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1057 >Include a string of text in the output. The first character of the operand |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1058 is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and cannot appear |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1059 within the string. The string is included with no modifications></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1060 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1061 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1062 >FCN <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1063 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1064 >string</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1065 >, .ASCIZ <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1066 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1067 >string</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1068 >, .STRZ <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1069 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1070 >string</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1071 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1072 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1073 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1074 >Include a NUL terminated string of text in the output. The first character of |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1075 the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1076 cannot appear within the string. A NUL byte is automatically appended to |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1077 the string.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1078 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1079 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1080 >FCS <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1081 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1082 >string</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1083 >, .ASCIS <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1084 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1085 >string</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1086 >, .STRS <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1087 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1088 >string</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1089 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1090 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1091 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1092 >Include a string of text in the output with bit 7 of the final byte set. The |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1093 first character of the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1094 character and cannot appear within the string.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1095 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1096 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1097 >ZMB <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1098 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1099 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1100 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1101 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1102 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1103 >Include a number of NUL bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1104 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1105 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1106 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1107 >ZMD <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1108 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1109 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1110 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1111 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1112 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1113 >Include a number of zero words in the output. The number must be fully |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1114 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1115 permitted.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1116 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1117 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1118 >ZMQ <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1119 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1120 >expr<CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1121 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1122 ></CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1123 ></CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1124 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1125 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1126 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1127 >Include a number of zero double-words in the output. The number must be fully |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1128 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1129 permitted.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1130 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1131 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1132 >RMB <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1133 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1134 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1135 >, .BLKB <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1136 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1137 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1138 >, .DS <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1139 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1140 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1141 >, .RS <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1142 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1143 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1144 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1145 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1146 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1147 >Reserve a number of bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1148 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1149 The value of the bytes is undefined.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1150 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1151 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1152 >RMD <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1153 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1154 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1155 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1156 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1157 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1158 >Reserve a number of words in the output. The number must be fully |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1159 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1160 permitted. The value of the words is undefined.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1161 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1162 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1163 >RMQ <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1164 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1165 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1166 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1167 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1168 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1169 >Reserve a number of double-words in the output. The number must be fully |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1170 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1171 permitted. The value of the double-words is undefined.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1172 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1173 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1174 >INCLUDEBIN <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1175 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1176 >filename</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1177 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1178 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1179 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1180 >Treat the contents of <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1181 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1182 >filename</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1183 > as a string of bytes to |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1184 be included literally at the current assembly point. This has the same effect |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1185 as converting the file contents to a series of FCB statements and including |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1186 those at the current assembly point.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1187 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1188 > If <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1189 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1190 >filename</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1191 > beings with a /, the file name |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1192 will be taken as absolute. Otherwise, the current directory will be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1193 searched followed by the search path in the order specified.</P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1194 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1195 > Please note that absolute path detection including drive letters will |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1196 not function correctly on Windows platforms. Non-absolute inclusion will |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1197 work, however.</P |
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|
1198 ></DD |
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1199 ><DT |
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|
1200 >FILL <CODE |
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|
1201 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1202 >size</CODE |
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|
1203 >,<CODE |
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|
1204 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1205 >byte</CODE |
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|
1206 ></DT |
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|
1207 ><DD |
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|
1208 ><P |
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|
1209 >Insert <CODE |
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|
1210 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1211 >size</CODE |
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1212 > bytes of <CODE |
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|
1213 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1214 >byte</CODE |
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|
1215 >.</P |
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|
1216 ></DD |
153
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|
1217 ></DL |
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parents:
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|
1218 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
1219 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
1220 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
1221 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
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|
1222 ><HR><H3 |
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parents:
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|
1223 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
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|
1224 ><A |
333
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Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
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|
1225 NAME="AEN343" |
153
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|
1226 >3.6.2. Address Definition</A |
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parents:
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|
1227 ></H3 |
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parents:
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|
1228 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1229 >The directives in this section all control the addresses of symbols |
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parents:
diff
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|
1230 or the assembly process itself.</P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1231 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1232 ></P |
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parents:
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|
1233 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
1234 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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parents:
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|
1235 ><DL |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1236 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1237 >ORG <CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1238 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1239 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1240 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
1241 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1242 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1243 >Set the assembly address. The address must be fully resolvable on the |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1244 first pass so no external or forward references are permitted. ORG is not |
324
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Add documentation of the new hex output formats.
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316
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|
1245 permitted within sections when outputting to object files. For target formats |
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316
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|
1246 that include address information (decb, hex, srec, and ihex), an ORG |
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Add documentation of the new hex output formats.
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316
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|
1247 directive will re-start the address sequence within the output. When using |
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Add documentation of the new hex output formats.
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316
diff
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|
1248 the raw target format, ORG is used only to determine the addresses of symbols.</P |
153
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parents:
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|
1249 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
1250 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
1251 ><CODE |
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parents:
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|
1252 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1253 >sym</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1254 > EQU <CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1255 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1256 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1257 >, <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1258 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1259 >sym</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1260 > = <CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1261 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1262 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1263 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1264 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
1265 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1266 >Define the value of <CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1267 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1268 >sym</CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1269 > to be <CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1270 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1271 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1272 >.</P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1273 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1274 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1275 ><CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1276 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1277 >sym</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1278 > SET <CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1279 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1280 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1281 ></DT |
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parents:
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changeset
|
1282 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
1283 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1284 >Define the value of <CODE |
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parents:
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changeset
|
1285 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1286 >sym</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1287 > to be <CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1288 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1289 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1290 >. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1291 Unlike EQU, SET permits symbols to be defined multiple times as long as SET |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1292 is used for all instances. Use of the symbol before the first SET statement |
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parents:
diff
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|
1293 that sets its value is undefined.</P |
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parents:
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|
1294 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1295 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1296 >SETDP <CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1297 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1298 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1299 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1300 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1301 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1302 >Inform the assembler that it can assume the DP register contains |
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parents:
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|
1303 <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1304 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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changeset
|
1305 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1306 >. This directive is only advice to the assembler |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1307 to determine whether an address is in the direct page and has no effect |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1308 on the contents of the DP register. The value must be fully resolved during |
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parents:
diff
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|
1309 the first assembly pass because it affects the sizes of subsequent instructions.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1310 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1311 >This directive has no effect in the object file target.</P |
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parents:
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|
1312 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
1313 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1314 >ALIGN <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1315 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1316 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1317 >[,<CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1318 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1319 >value</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1320 >]</DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1321 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1322 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1323 >Force the current assembly address to be a multiple of |
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|
1324 <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1325 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1326 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1327 >. If <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1328 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
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|
1329 >value</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1330 > is not |
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parents:
diff
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|
1331 specified, a series of NUL bytes is output to force the alignment, if |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1332 required. Otherwise, the low order 8 bits of <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1333 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1334 >value</CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1335 > |
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parents:
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|
1336 will be used as the fill. The alignment value must be fully resolved on the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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1337 first pass because it affects the addresses of subsquent instructions. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
1338 However, <CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
1339 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
1340 >value</CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
1341 > may include forward references; as |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
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|
1342 long as it resolves to a constant for the second pass, the value will be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
1343 accepted.</P |
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parents:
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|
1344 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1345 >Unless <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1346 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1347 >value</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1348 > is specified as something like $12, |
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parents:
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|
1349 this directive is not suitable for inclusion in the middle of actual code. |
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|
1350 The default padding value is $00 which is intended to be used within data |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
1351 blocks. </P |
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parents:
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|
1352 ></DD |
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|
1353 ></DL |
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|
1354 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
1355 ></DIV |
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|
1356 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
1357 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1358 ><HR><H3 |
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|
1359 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1360 ><A |
333
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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324
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|
1361 NAME="AEN390" |
153
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|
1362 >3.6.3. Conditional Assembly</A |
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|
1363 ></H3 |
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parents:
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|
1364 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1365 >Portions of the source code can be excluded or included based on conditions |
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parents:
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|
1366 known at assembly time. Conditionals can be nested arbitrarily deeply. The |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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1367 directives associated with conditional assembly are described in this section.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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1368 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1369 >All conditionals must be fully bracketed. That is, every conditional |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
1370 statement must eventually be followed by an ENDC at the same level of nesting.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
1371 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1372 >Conditional expressions are only evaluated on the first assembly pass. |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1373 It is not possible to game the assembly process by having a conditional |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1374 change its value between assembly passes. Due to the underlying architecture |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
1375 of LWASM, there is no possible utility to IFP1 and IFP2, nor can they, as of LWASM 3.0, actually |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
1376 be implemented meaningfully. Thus there is not and never will |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
1377 be any equivalent of IFP1 or IFP2 as provided by other assemblers. Use of those opcodes |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1378 will throw a warning and be ignored.</P |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
1379 ><P |
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parents:
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1380 >It is important to note that if a conditional does not resolve to a constant |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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1381 during the first parsing pass, an error will be thrown. This is unavoidable because the assembler |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
1382 must make a decision about which source to include and which source to exclude at this stage. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
1383 Thus, expressions that work normally elsewhere will not work for conditions.</P |
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parents:
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|
1384 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1385 ></P |
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parents:
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|
1386 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
1387 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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parents:
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|
1388 ><DL |
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parents:
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|
1389 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1390 >IFEQ <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1391 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1392 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1393 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
1394 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
1395 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1396 >If <CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1397 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1398 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1399 > evaluates to zero, the conditional |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1400 will be considered true.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1401 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1402 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
1403 >IFNE <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1404 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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changeset
|
1405 >expr</CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1406 >, IF <CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1407 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1408 >expr</CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1409 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1410 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
1411 ><P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1412 >If <CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1413 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1414 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
1415 > evaluates to a non-zero value, the conditional |
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parents:
diff
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|
1416 will be considered true.</P |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1417 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
1418 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
1419 >IFGT <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1420 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1421 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1422 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
1423 ><DD |
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|
1424 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1425 >If <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1426 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1427 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1428 > evaluates to a value greater than zero, the conditional |
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parents:
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|
1429 will be considered true.</P |
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parents:
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|
1430 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
1431 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1432 >IFGE <CODE |
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|
1433 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1434 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1435 ></DT |
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|
1436 ><DD |
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|
1437 ><P |
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|
1438 >If <CODE |
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|
1439 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1440 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1441 > evaluates to a value greater than or equal to zero, the conditional |
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|
1442 will be considered true.</P |
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|
1443 ></DD |
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|
1444 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1445 >IFLT <CODE |
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|
1446 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1447 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1448 ></DT |
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|
1449 ><DD |
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|
1450 ><P |
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|
1451 >If <CODE |
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|
1452 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1453 >expr</CODE |
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|
1454 > evaluates to a value less than zero, the conditional |
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|
1455 will be considered true.</P |
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|
1456 ></DD |
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|
1457 ><DT |
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|
1458 >IFLE <CODE |
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|
1459 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1460 >expr</CODE |
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|
1461 ></DT |
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|
1462 ><DD |
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|
1463 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1464 >If <CODE |
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|
1465 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1466 >expr</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1467 > evaluates to a value less than or equal to zero , the conditional |
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parents:
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|
1468 will be considered true.</P |
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parents:
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|
1469 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
1470 ><DT |
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|
1471 >IFDEF <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1472 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1473 >sym</CODE |
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|
1474 ></DT |
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|
1475 ><DD |
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|
1476 ><P |
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|
1477 >If <CODE |
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|
1478 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1479 >sym</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1480 > is defined at this point in the assembly |
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|
1481 process, the conditional |
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|
1482 will be considered true.</P |
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parents:
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|
1483 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
1484 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1485 >IFNDEF <CODE |
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|
1486 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1487 >sym</CODE |
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|
1488 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
1489 ><DD |
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|
1490 ><P |
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|
1491 >If <CODE |
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|
1492 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1493 >sym</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1494 > is not defined at this point in the assembly |
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parents:
diff
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|
1495 process, the conditional |
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parents:
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|
1496 will be considered true.</P |
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parents:
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|
1497 ></DD |
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parents:
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changeset
|
1498 ><DT |
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parents:
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changeset
|
1499 >ELSE</DT |
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parents:
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|
1500 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
1501 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1502 >If the preceding conditional at the same level of nesting was false, the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1503 statements following will be assembled. If the preceding conditional at |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
1504 the same level was true, the statements following will not be assembled. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
1505 Note that the preceding conditional might have been another ELSE statement |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
1506 although this behaviour is not guaranteed to be supported in future versions |
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|
1507 of LWASM.</P |
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parents:
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|
1508 ></DD |
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|
1509 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1510 >ENDC</DT |
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parents:
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|
1511 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
1512 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1513 >This directive marks the end of a conditional construct. Every conditional |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
1514 construct must end with an ENDC directive.</P |
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parents:
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|
1515 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
1516 ></DL |
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parents:
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|
1517 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
1518 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
1519 ><DIV |
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|
1520 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
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|
1521 ><HR><H3 |
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diff
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|
1522 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1523 ><A |
333
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|
1524 NAME="AEN455" |
153
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|
1525 >3.6.4. OS9 Target Directives</A |
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|
1526 ></H3 |
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parents:
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|
1527 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1528 >This section includes directives that apply solely to the OS9 |
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|
1529 target.</P |
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parents:
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|
1530 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1531 ></P |
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parents:
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|
1532 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
1533 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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parents:
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|
1534 ><DL |
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parents:
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|
1535 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1536 >OS9 <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1537 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1538 >syscall</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1539 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
1540 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
1541 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1542 > This directive generates a call to the specified system call. <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1543 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
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|
1544 >syscall</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1545 > may be an arbitrary expression. </P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1546 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
1547 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
1548 >MOD <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1549 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
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|
1550 >size</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1551 >,<CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1552 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
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|
1553 >name</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1554 >,<CODE |
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parents:
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|
1555 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1556 >type</CODE |
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parents:
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|
1557 >,<CODE |
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parents:
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|
1558 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1559 >flags</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1560 >,<CODE |
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parents:
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|
1561 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1562 >execoff</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1563 >,<CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1564 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1565 >datasize</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
1566 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
1567 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
1568 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1569 > This tells LWASM that the beginning of the actual module is here. It will |
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parents:
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|
1570 generate a module header based on the parameters specified. It will also |
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parents:
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|
1571 begin calcuating the module CRC. </P |
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|
1572 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1573 > The precise meaning of the various parameters is beyond the scope of this |
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parents:
diff
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|
1574 document since it is not a tutorial on OS9 module programming. </P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1575 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
1576 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
1577 >EMOD</DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
1578 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
1579 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1580 > This marks the end of a module and causes LWASM to emit the calculated CRC |
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parents:
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|
1581 for the module. </P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1582 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
1583 ></DL |
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parents:
diff
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|
1584 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
1585 ></DIV |
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parents:
diff
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|
1586 ><DIV |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1587 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
diff
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|
1588 ><HR><H3 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1589 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
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|
1590 ><A |
333
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|
1591 NAME="AEN480" |
153
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|
1592 >3.6.5. Miscelaneous Directives</A |
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1593 ></H3 |
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1594 ><P |
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1595 >This section includes directives that do not fit into the other |
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1596 categories.</P |
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1597 ><P |
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1598 ></P |
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1599 ><DIV |
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1600 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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1601 ><DL |
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1602 ><DT |
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1603 >INCLUDE <CODE |
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1604 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1605 >filename</CODE |
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1606 >, USE <CODE |
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1607 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1608 >filename</CODE |
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1609 ></DT |
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1610 ><DD |
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1611 ><P |
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1612 > Include the contents of <CODE |
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1613 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1614 >filename</CODE |
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1615 > at |
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1616 this point in the assembly as though it were a part of the file currently |
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1617 being processed. Note that if whitespace appears in the name of the file, |
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1618 you must enclose <CODE |
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1619 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1620 >filename</CODE |
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1621 > in quotes.</P |
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1622 ><P |
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1623 >Note that the USE variation is provided only for compatibility with other |
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1624 assemblers. It is recommended to use the INCLUDE variation.</P |
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1625 ><P |
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1626 >If <CODE |
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1627 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1628 >filename</CODE |
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1629 > begins with a "/", it is |
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1630 interpreted as an absolute path. If it does not, the search path will be used |
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1631 to find the file. First, the directory containing the file that contains this |
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1632 directive. (Includes within an included file are relative to the included file, |
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1633 not the file that included it.) If the file is not found there, the include path |
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1634 is searched. If it is still not found, an error will be thrown. Note that the |
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1635 current directory as understood by your shell or operating system is not searched.</P |
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1636 ></DD |
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1637 ><DT |
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1638 >END <CODE |
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1639 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1640 >[expr]</CODE |
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1641 ></DT |
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1642 ><DD |
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1643 ><P |
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1644 >This directive causes the assembler to stop assembling immediately as though |
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1645 it ran out of input. For the DECB target only, <CODE |
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1646 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1647 >expr</CODE |
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1648 > |
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1649 can be used to set the execution address of the resulting binary. For all |
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1650 other targets, specifying <CODE |
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1651 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1652 >expr</CODE |
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1653 > will cause an error.</P |
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1654 ></DD |
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1655 ><DT |
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1656 >ERROR <CODE |
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1657 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1658 >string</CODE |
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1659 ></DT |
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1660 ><DD |
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1661 ><P |
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1662 >Causes a custom error message to be printed at this line. This will cause |
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1663 assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs |
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1664 to cause assembly to fail if some condition that is known bad happens. Everything |
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1665 from the directive to the end of the line is considered the error message.</P |
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1666 ></DD |
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1667 ><DT |
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1668 >WARNING <CODE |
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1669 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1670 >string</CODE |
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1671 ></DT |
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1672 ><DD |
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1673 ><P |
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1674 >Causes a custom warning message to be printed at this line. This will not cause |
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1675 assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs |
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1676 or include files to alert the programmer to a deprecated feature being used |
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1677 or some other condition that may cause trouble later, but which may, in fact, |
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1678 not cause any trouble.</P |
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1679 ></DD |
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1680 ><DT |
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1681 >.MODULE <CODE |
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1682 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1683 >string</CODE |
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1684 ></DT |
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1685 ><DD |
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1686 ><P |
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1687 >This directive is ignored for most output targets. If the output target |
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1688 supports encoding a module name into it, <CODE |
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1689 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1690 >string</CODE |
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1691 > |
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1692 will be used as the module name.</P |
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1693 ><P |
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1694 >As of version 3.0, no supported output targets support this directive.</P |
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1695 ></DD |
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1696 ></DL |
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1697 ></DIV |
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1698 ></DIV |
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1699 ></DIV |
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1700 ><DIV |
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1701 CLASS="SECTION" |
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1702 ><HR><H2 |
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1703 CLASS="SECTION" |
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1704 ><A |
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1705 NAME="AEN520" |
153
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1706 >3.7. Macros</A |
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1707 ></H2 |
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1708 ><P |
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1709 >LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a |
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1710 series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other |
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1711 assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding |
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1712 additional assembler directives.</P |
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1713 ><P |
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1714 >Macros may accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within a |
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1715 macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first |
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1716 through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the |
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1717 decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). The special expansion "\*" |
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1718 translates to the exact parameter string, including all parameters, passed |
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1719 to the macro. These parameter references are replaced with the verbatim text |
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1720 of the parameter passed to the macro. A reference to a non-existent |
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1721 parameter will be replaced by an empty string. Macro parameters are expanded |
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1722 everywhere on each source line. That means the parameter to a macro could be |
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|
1723 used as a symbol or it could even appear in a comment or could cause an |
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parents:
diff
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|
1724 entire source line to be commented out when the macro is expanded. </P |
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parents:
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|
1725 ><P |
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1726 >Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
1727 is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
1728 may be included in a macro parameter.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
1729 ><P |
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|
1730 >Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
1731 expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
1732 hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
1733 the reason.</P |
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|
1734 ><P |
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1735 >Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
1736 inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
1737 the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
1738 within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1739 outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
1740 as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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1741 as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
1742 rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
1743 an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results.</P |
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|
1744 ><P |
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|
1745 >Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All |
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parents:
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|
1746 macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
1747 namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name |
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1748 as a macro.</P |
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1749 ><P |
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1750 >Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
1751 only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro |
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|
1752 definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used.</P |
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|
1753 ><P |
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1754 >The following directives are used when defining macros.</P |
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|
1755 ><P |
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|
1756 ></P |
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|
1757 ><DIV |
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|
1758 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
1759 ><DL |
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|
1760 ><DT |
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|
1761 ><CODE |
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|
1762 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1763 >macroname</CODE |
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|
1764 > MACRO [NOEXPAND]</DT |
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|
1765 ><DD |
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|
1766 ><P |
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1767 >This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called |
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parents:
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|
1768 <CODE |
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|
1769 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
1770 >macroname</CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
1771 >. If <CODE |
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parents:
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|
1772 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
1773 >macroname</CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1774 > already |
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parents:
diff
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|
1775 exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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1776 macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
1777 be relied upon.</P |
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parents:
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|
1778 ><P |
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parents:
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|
1779 >If NOEXPAND is specified, the macro will not be expanded in a program |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
1780 listing. Instead, all bytes emitted by all instructions within the macro |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
1781 will appear to be emitted on the line where the macro is invoked, starting |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1782 at the address of the line of the invokation. If the macro uses ORG or other |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1783 directives that define symbols or change the assembly address, these things |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
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|
1784 will also be hidden (except in the symbol table) and the output bytes will |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
1785 appear with incorrect address attribution. Thus, NOEXPAND should only be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
1786 used for macros that do not mess with the assembly address or otherwise |
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parents:
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|
1787 define symbols that should be visible.</P |
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parents:
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|
1788 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
1789 ><DT |
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|
1790 >ENDM</DT |
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parents:
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|
1791 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
1792 ><P |
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1793 >This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
1794 causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal.</P |
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parents:
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|
1795 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
1796 ></DL |
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parents:
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|
1797 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
1798 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
1799 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
1800 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
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|
1801 ><HR><H2 |
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|
1802 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1803 ><A |
333
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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324
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|
1804 NAME="AEN543" |
153
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|
1805 >3.8. Structures</A |
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|
1806 ></H2 |
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|
1807 ><P |
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|
1808 > Structures are used to group related data in a fixed structure. A structure |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
1809 consists a number of fields, defined in sequential order and which take up |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
1810 specified size. The assembler does not enforce any means of access within a |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
1811 structure; it assumes that whatever you are doing, you intended to do. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
1812 There are two pseudo ops that are used for defining structures. </P |
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|
1813 ><P |
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|
1814 ></P |
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|
1815 ><DIV |
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|
1816 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
1817 ><DL |
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|
1818 ><DT |
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|
1819 ><CODE |
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|
1820 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1821 >structname</CODE |
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|
1822 > STRUCT</DT |
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|
1823 ><DD |
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|
1824 ><P |
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1825 > This directive is used to begin the definition of a structure with name |
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|
1826 <CODE |
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|
1827 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1828 >structname</CODE |
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|
1829 >. Subsequent statements all form part of |
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1830 the structure definition until the end of the structure is declared. </P |
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1831 ></DD |
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1832 ><DT |
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1833 >ENDSTRUCT, ENDS</DT |
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|
1834 ><DD |
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1835 ><P |
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1836 >This directive ends the definition of the structure. ENDSTRUCT is the |
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1837 preferred form. Prior to version 3.0 of LWASM, ENDS was used to end a |
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|
1838 section instead of a structure.</P |
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|
1839 ></DD |
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|
1840 ></DL |
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|
1841 ></DIV |
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|
1842 ><P |
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1843 > Within a structure definition, only reservation pseudo ops are permitted. |
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|
1844 Anything else will cause an assembly error.</P |
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|
1845 ><P |
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|
1846 > Once a structure is defined, you can reserve an area of memory in the |
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|
1847 same structure by using the structure name as the opcode. Structures can |
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|
1848 also contain fields that are themselves structures. See the example |
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|
1849 below.</P |
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|
1850 ><PRE |
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|
1851 CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" |
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1852 >tstruct2 STRUCT |
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1853 f1 rmb 1 |
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1854 f2 rmb 1 |
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1855 ENDSTRUCT |
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1856 |
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1857 tstruct STRUCT |
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1858 field1 rmb 2 |
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1859 field2 rmb 3 |
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1860 field3 tstruct2 |
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1861 ENDSTRUCT |
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1862 |
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1863 ORG $2000 |
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1864 var1 tstruct |
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1865 var2 tstruct2</PRE |
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1866 ><P |
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1867 >Fields are referenced using a dot (.) as a separator. To refer to the |
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1868 generic offset within a structure, use the structure name to the left of the |
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1869 dot. If referring to a field within an actual variable, use the variable's |
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1870 symbol name to the left of the dot.</P |
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1871 ><P |
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1872 >You can also refer to the actual size of a structure (or a variable |
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1873 declared as a structure) using the special symbol sizeof{structname} where |
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1874 structname will be the name of the structure or the name of the |
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1875 variable.</P |
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1876 ><P |
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1877 >Essentially, structures are a shortcut for defining a vast number of |
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1878 symbols. When a structure is defined, the assembler creates symbols for the |
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1879 various fields in the form structname.fieldname as well as the appropriate |
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1880 sizeof{structname} symbol. When a variable is declared as a structure, the |
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1881 assembler does the same thing using the name of the variable. You will see |
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1882 these symbols in the symbol table when the assembler is instructed to |
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1883 provide a listing. For instance, the above listing will create the |
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1884 following symbols (symbol values in parentheses): tstruct2.f1 (0), |
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1885 tstruct2.f2 (1), sizeof{tstruct2} (2), tstruct.field1 (0), tstruct.field2 |
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1886 (2), tstruct.field3 (5), tstruct.field3.f1 (5), tstruct.field3.f2 (6), |
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1887 sizeof{tstruct.field3} (2), sizeof{tstruct} (7), var1 {$2000}, var1.field1 |
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1888 {$2000}, var1.field2 {$2002}, var1.field3 {$2005}, var1.field3.f1 {$2005}, |
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1889 var1.field3.f2 {$2006}, sizeof(var1.field3} (2), sizeof{var1} (7), var2 |
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1890 ($2007), var2.f1 ($2007), var2.f2 ($2008), sizeof{var2} (2). </P |
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1891 ></DIV |
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1892 ><DIV |
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1893 CLASS="SECTION" |
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1894 ><HR><H2 |
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1895 CLASS="SECTION" |
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1896 ><A |
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1897 NAME="AEN564" |
153
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1898 >3.9. Object Files and Sections</A |
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1899 ></H2 |
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1900 ><P |
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1901 >The object file target is very useful for large project because it allows |
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1902 multiple files to be assembled independently and then linked into the final |
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1903 binary at a later time. It allows only the small portion of the project |
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1904 that was modified to be re-assembled rather than requiring the entire set |
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1905 of source code to be available to the assembler in a single assembly process. |
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1906 This can be particularly important if there are a large number of macros, |
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1907 symbol definitions, or other metadata that uses resources at assembly time. |
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1908 By far the largest benefit, however, is keeping the source files small enough |
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1909 for a mere mortal to find things in them.</P |
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1910 ><P |
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1911 >With multi-file projects, there needs to be a means of resolving references to |
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1912 symbols in other source files. These are known as external references. The |
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1913 addresses of these symbols cannot be known until the linker joins all the |
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1914 object files into a single binary. This means that the assembler must be |
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1915 able to output the object code without knowing the value of the symbol. This |
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1916 places some restrictions on the code generated by the assembler. For |
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1917 example, the assembler cannot generate direct page addressing for instructions |
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1918 that reference external symbols because the address of the symbol may not |
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1919 be in the direct page. Similarly, relative branches and PC relative addressing |
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1920 cannot be used in their eight bit forms. Everything that must be resolved |
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1921 by the linker must be assembled to use the largest address size possible to |
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1922 allow the linker to fill in the correct value at link time. Note that the |
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1923 same problem applies to absolute address references as well, even those in |
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1924 the same source file, because the address is not known until link time.</P |
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1925 ><P |
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1926 >It is often desired in multi-file projects to have code of various types grouped |
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1927 together in the final binary generated by the linker as well. The same applies |
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1928 to data. In order for the linker to do that, the bits that are to be grouped |
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1929 must be tagged in some manner. This is where the concept of sections comes in. |
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1930 Each chunk of code or data is part of a section in the object file. Then, |
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1931 when the linker reads all the object files, it coalesces all sections of the |
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1932 same name into a single section and then considers it as a unit.</P |
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1933 ><P |
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1934 >The existence of sections, however, raises a problem for symbols even |
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1935 within the same source file. Thus, the assembler must treat symbols from |
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1936 different sections within the same source file in the same manner as external |
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1937 symbols. That is, it must leave them for the linker to resolve at link time, |
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1938 with all the limitations that entails.</P |
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1939 ><P |
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1940 >In the object file target mode, LWASM requires all source lines that |
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1941 cause bytes to be output to be inside a section. Any directives that do |
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1942 not cause any bytes to be output can appear outside of a section. This includes |
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1943 such things as EQU or RMB. Even ORG can appear outside a section. ORG, however, |
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1944 makes no sense within a section because it is the linker that determines |
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1945 the starting address of the section's code, not the assembler.</P |
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1946 ><P |
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1947 >All symbols defined globally in the assembly process are local to the |
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1948 source file and cannot be exported. All symbols defined within a section are |
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1949 considered local to the source file unless otherwise explicitly exported. |
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1950 Symbols referenced from external source files must be declared external, |
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1951 either explicitly or by asking the assembler to assume that all undefined |
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1952 symbols are external.</P |
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1953 ><P |
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1954 >It is often handy to define a number of memory addresses that will be |
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1955 used for data at run-time but which need not be included in the binary file. |
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1956 These memory addresses are not initialized until run-time, either by the |
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1957 program itself or by the program loader, depending on the operating environment. |
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1958 Such sections are often known as BSS sections. LWASM supports generating |
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1959 sections with a BSS attribute set which causes the section definition including |
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1960 symbols exported from that section and those symbols required to resolve |
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1961 references from the local file, but with no actual code in the object file. |
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1962 It is illegal for any source lines within a BSS flagged section to cause any |
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1963 bytes to be output.</P |
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1964 ><P |
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1965 >The following directives apply to section handling.</P |
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1966 ><P |
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1967 ></P |
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1968 ><DIV |
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1969 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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1970 ><DL |
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1971 ><DT |
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1972 >SECTION <CODE |
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1973 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1974 >name[,flags]</CODE |
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1975 >, SECT <CODE |
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1976 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1977 >name[,flags]</CODE |
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1978 >, .AREA <CODE |
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1979 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1980 >name[,flags]</CODE |
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1981 ></DT |
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1982 ><DD |
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1983 ><P |
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1984 >Instructs the assembler that the code following this directive is to be |
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1985 considered part of the section <CODE |
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1986 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1987 >name</CODE |
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1988 >. A section name |
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1989 may appear multiple times in which case it is as though all the code from |
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1990 all the instances of that section appeared adjacent within the source file. |
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1991 However, <CODE |
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1992 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1993 >flags</CODE |
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1994 > may only be specified on the first |
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1995 instance of the section.</P |
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1996 ><P |
168 | 1997 ><CODE |
153
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1998 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1999 >flags</CODE |
168 | 2000 > is a comma separated list of flags. If a |
2001 flag is "bss", the section will be treated as a BSS section and no | |
2002 statements that generate output are permitted.</P | |
2003 ><P | |
2004 >If the flag is "constant", | |
2005 the same restrictions apply as for BSS sections. Additionally, all symbols | |
2006 defined in a constant section define absolute values and will not be | |
2007 adjusted by the linker at link time. Constant sections cannot define | |
2008 complex expressions for symbols; the value must be fully defined at assembly | |
2009 time. Additionally, multiple instances of a constant section do not | |
2010 coalesce into a single addressing unit; each instance starts again at offset | |
2011 0.</P | |
153
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2012 ><P |
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2013 >If the section name is "bss" or ".bss" in any combination of upper and |
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2014 lower case, the section is assumed to be a BSS section. In that case, |
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2015 the flag <CODE |
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2016 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2017 >!bss</CODE |
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2018 > can be used to override this assumption.</P |
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2019 ><P |
168 | 2020 > If the section name is "_constants" or "_constant", in any |
2021 combination of upper and lower case, the section is assumed to be a constant | |
2022 section. This assumption can be overridden with the "!constant" | |
2023 flag.</P | |
2024 ><P | |
153
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2025 >If assembly is already happening within a section, the section is implicitly |
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2026 ended and the new section started. This is not considered an error although |
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2027 it is recommended that all sections be explicitly closed.</P |
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2028 ></DD |
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2029 ><DT |
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2030 >ENDSECTION, ENDSECT</DT |
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2031 ><DD |
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2032 ><P |
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2033 >This directive ends the current section. This puts assembly outside of any |
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2034 sections until the next SECTION directive. ENDSECTION is the preferred form. |
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2035 Prior to version 3.0 of LWASM, ENDS could also be used to end a section but |
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2036 as of version 3.0, it is now an alias for ENDSTRUCT instead.</P |
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2037 ></DD |
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2038 ><DT |
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2039 ><CODE |
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2040 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2041 >sym</CODE |
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2042 > EXTERN, <CODE |
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2043 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2044 >sym</CODE |
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2045 > EXTERNAL, <CODE |
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2046 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2047 >sym</CODE |
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2048 > IMPORT</DT |
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2049 ><DD |
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2050 ><P |
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2051 >This directive defines <CODE |
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2052 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2053 >sym</CODE |
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2054 > as an external symbol. |
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2055 This directive may occur at any point in the source code. EXTERN definitions |
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2056 are resolved on the first pass so an EXTERN definition anywhere in the |
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2057 source file is valid for the entire file. The use of this directive is |
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2058 optional when the assembler is instructed to assume that all undefined |
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2059 symbols are external. In fact, in that mode, if the symbol is referenced |
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2060 before the EXTERN directive, an error will occur.</P |
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2061 ></DD |
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2062 ><DT |
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2063 ><CODE |
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2064 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2065 >sym</CODE |
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2066 > EXPORT, <CODE |
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2067 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2068 >sym</CODE |
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2069 > .GLOBL, EXPORT <CODE |
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2070 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2071 >sym</CODE |
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2072 >, .GLOBL <CODE |
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2073 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2074 >sym</CODE |
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2075 ></DT |
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2076 ><DD |
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2077 ><P |
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2078 >This directive defines <CODE |
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2079 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2080 >sym</CODE |
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2081 > as an exported symbol. |
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2082 This directive may occur at any point in the source code, even before the |
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2083 definition of the exported symbol.</P |
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2084 ><P |
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2085 >Note that <CODE |
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2086 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2087 >sym</CODE |
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2088 > may appear as the operand or as the |
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2089 statement's symbol. If there is a symbol on the statement, that will |
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2090 take precedence over any operand that is present.</P |
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2091 ></DD |
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2092 ><DT |
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2093 ><CODE |
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2094 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2095 >sym</CODE |
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2096 > EXTDEP</DT |
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2097 ><DD |
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2098 ><P |
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2099 >This directive forces an external dependency on |
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2100 <CODE |
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2101 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2102 >sym</CODE |
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2103 >, even if it is never referenced anywhere else in |
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2104 this file.</P |
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2105 ></DD |
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2106 ></DL |
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2107 ></DIV |
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2108 ></DIV |
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2109 ><DIV |
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2110 CLASS="SECTION" |
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2111 ><HR><H2 |
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2112 CLASS="SECTION" |
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2113 ><A |
333
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2114 NAME="AEN628" |
153
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2115 >3.10. Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A |
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2116 ></H2 |
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2117 ><P |
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2118 >There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed. |
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2119 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because |
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2120 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include |
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2121 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during |
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2122 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition, |
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diff
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|
2123 not portable between assemblers.</P |
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|
2124 ><P |
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|
2125 >LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or |
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|
2126 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by |
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|
2127 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives |
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|
2128 are as follows.</P |
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|
2129 ><P |
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|
2130 ></P |
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|
2131 ><DIV |
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|
2132 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
2133 ><DL |
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2134 ><DT |
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parents:
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2135 >PRAGMA <CODE |
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parents:
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2136 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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2137 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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parents:
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2138 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
2139 ><DD |
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parents:
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2140 ><P |
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|
2141 >Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
2142 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
2143 >pragma</CODE |
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parents:
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|
2144 >s |
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parents:
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|
2145 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new |
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parents:
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|
2146 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when |
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|
2147 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.</P |
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|
2148 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2149 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2150 >*PRAGMA <CODE |
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|
2151 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
2152 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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|
2153 ></DT |
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|
2154 ><DD |
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|
2155 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2156 >This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2157 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2158 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2159 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2160 for correct functioning of the code.</P |
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parents:
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|
2161 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2162 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2163 >*PRAGMAPUSH <CODE |
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parents:
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|
2164 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
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|
2165 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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parents:
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|
2166 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
2167 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
2168 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2169 >This directive saves the current state of the specified pragma(s) for later retrieval. See discussion below for more information.</P |
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parents:
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|
2170 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2171 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
2172 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2173 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2174 >*PRAGMAPOP <CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2175 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2176 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
2177 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
2178 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
2179 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2180 >This directive restores the previously saved state of the specified pragma(s). See discussion below for more information.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
2181 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2182 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
2183 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2184 ></DL |
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parents:
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|
2185 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
2186 ><P |
231
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168
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|
2187 >Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version. |
153
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|
2188 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables |
231
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Added --define to lwasm documentation.
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168
diff
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|
2189 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
2190 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". When only one version is |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
168
diff
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|
2191 listed below, its opposite can be obtained by prepending "no" if it is not |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
2192 present or removing "no" from the beginning if it is present.</P |
153
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|
2193 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2194 >Pragmas are not case sensitive.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2195 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2196 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2197 ><DIV |
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parents:
diff
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|
2198 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2199 ><DL |
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parents:
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|
2200 ><DT |
333
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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324
diff
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|
2201 >6800compat</DT |
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324
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|
2202 ><DD |
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|
2203 ><P |
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|
2204 >When in force, this pragma enables recognition of various |
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324
diff
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|
2205 compatibility instructions useful when assembling 6800 code. These |
507f442dc71e
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
324
diff
changeset
|
2206 compatibility instructions are assembled into equivalent 6809 instructions. |
507f442dc71e
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324
diff
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|
2207 This mode also includes several analogous instructions which are not |
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324
diff
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|
2208 strictly 6800 instructions but allow the similar style to be applied to 6809 |
507f442dc71e
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324
diff
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|
2209 specific features.</P |
507f442dc71e
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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324
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|
2210 ><P |
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324
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|
2211 >Technically, a compliant 6809 assembler must recognize these |
507f442dc71e
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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324
diff
changeset
|
2212 instructions by default since Motorola advertised the 6809 as being source |
507f442dc71e
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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324
diff
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|
2213 compatible with the 6800. However, most source code does not require this |
507f442dc71e
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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324
diff
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|
2214 compatibility and LWASM itself did not support these instructions prior to |
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324
diff
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|
2215 version 4.11 so this mode is disabled by default.</P |
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diff
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|
2216 ></DD |
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|
2217 ><DT |
153
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|
2218 >index0tonone</DT |
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parents:
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|
2219 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
2220 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
2221 >When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2222 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2223 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2224 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2225 of this optimization, it is enabled by default.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
2226 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2227 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2228 >cescapes</DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2229 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
2230 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
2231 >This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2232 have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2233 spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2234 immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2235 on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
2236 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2237 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2238 >importundefexport</DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2239 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2240 ><P |
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diff
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|
2241 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When |
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diff
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|
2242 in force, it will cause the EXPORT directive to act as IMPORT if the symbol |
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parents:
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|
2243 to be exported is not defined. This is provided for compatibility with the |
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diff
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|
2244 output of gcc6809 and should not be used in hand written code. Because of |
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|
2245 the confusion this pragma can cause, it is disabled by default.</P |
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|
2246 ></DD |
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|
2247 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2248 >undefextern</DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2249 ><DD |
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diff
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|
2250 ><P |
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|
2251 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2252 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2253 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2254 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2255 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising, |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2256 this pragma defaults to off.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2257 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2258 >The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2259 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2260 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2261 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2262 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2263 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2264 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2265 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2266 >This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2267 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2268 for one or two files to use this pragma internally.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2269 ></DD |
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|
2270 ><DT |
253 | 2271 >export</DT |
2272 ><DD | |
2273 ><P | |
2274 >This pragma causes all symbols to be added to the export list | |
2275 automatically. This is useful when a large number of symbols need to be | |
2276 exported but you do not wish to include an EXPORT directive for all of them. | |
2277 This is often useful on the command line but might be useful even inline | |
2278 with the PRAGMA directive if a large number of symbols in a row are to be | |
2279 exported.</P | |
2280 ></DD | |
2281 ><DT | |
153
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|
2282 >dollarlocal</DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2283 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2284 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2285 >When set, a "$" in a symbol makes it local. When not set, "$" does not |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2286 cause a symbol to be local. It is set by default except when using the OS9 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2287 target.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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2288 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2289 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2290 >dollarnotlocal</DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
changeset
|
2291 ><DD |
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diff
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|
2292 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2293 > This is the same as the "dollarlocal" pragma except its sense is |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2294 reversed. That is, "dollarlocal" and "nodollarnotlocal" are equivalent and |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2295 "nodollarlocal" and "dollarnotlocal" are equivalent. </P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2296 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2297 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2298 >pcaspcr</DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2299 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2300 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2301 > Normally, LWASM makes a distinction between PC and PCR in program |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2302 counter relative addressing. In particular, the use of PC means an absolute |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2303 offset from PC while PCR causes the assembler to calculate the offset to the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2304 specified operand and use that as the offset from PC. By setting this |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2305 pragma, you can have PC treated the same as PCR. </P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2306 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2307 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2308 >shadow</DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2309 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
2310 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2311 >When this pragma is in effect, it becomes possible to define a macro |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2312 that matches an internal operation code. Thus, it makes it possible to |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2313 redefine either CPU instructions or pseudo operations. Because this feature |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2314 is of dubious utility, it is disabled by default.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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2315 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2316 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2317 >nolist</DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2318 ><DD |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2319 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2320 >Lines where this pragma is in effect will not appear in the assembly |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2321 listing. Also, any symbols defined under this pragma will not show up in |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2322 the symbol list. This is most useful in include files to avoid spamming the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2323 assembly listing with dozens, hundreds, or thousands of irrelevant |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2324 symbols.</P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2325 ></DD |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2326 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2327 >autobranchlength</DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2328 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
2329 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2330 >One of the perennial annoyances for 6809 programmers is that the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2331 mneumonics for the short and long branch instructions are different (bxx vs. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2332 lbxx), which is at odds with the rest of the instruction set. This pragma |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2333 is a solution to those annoying byte overflow errors that short branch |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2334 instructions tend to aquire.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2335 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2336 >When this pragma is in effect, which is not the default, whenever any |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2337 relative branch instruction is used, its size will be automatically |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2338 determined based on the actual distance to the destination. In other words, |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2339 one can write code with long or short branches everywhere and the assembler |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2340 will choose a size for the branch.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2341 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2342 >Also, while this pragma is in effect, the > and < symbols can be used |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2343 to force the branch size, analogous to their use for other instructions with |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2344 < forcing 8 bit offsets and > forcing 16 bit offets.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2345 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2346 >Because this pragma leads to source that is incompatible with other |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2347 assemblers, it is strongly recommended that it be invoked using the PRAGMA |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2348 directive within the source code rather than on the command line or via the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2349 *PRAGMA directive. This way, an error will be raised if someone tries to |
231
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Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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|
2350 assemble the code under a different assembler.</P |
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168
diff
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|
2351 ></DD |
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Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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diff
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|
2352 ><DT |
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Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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diff
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|
2353 >nosymbolcase, symbolnocase</DT |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
2354 ><DD |
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diff
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|
2355 ><P |
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|
2356 >Any symbol defined while this pragma is in force will be treated as |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
2357 case insensitive, regardless whether the pragma is in force when the symbol |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
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diff
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|
2358 is referenced.</P |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
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diff
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|
2359 ><P |
2cc599f1bebf
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diff
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|
2360 >It is important to note that this pragma will not work as expected in |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
2361 all cases when using the object file assembly target. It is intended for |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
2362 use only when the assembler will be producing the final binary.</P |
2cc599f1bebf
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diff
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|
2363 ></DD |
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168
diff
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|
2364 ><DT |
2cc599f1bebf
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
2365 >condundefzero</DT |
2cc599f1bebf
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168
diff
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|
2366 ><DD |
2cc599f1bebf
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diff
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|
2367 ><P |
2cc599f1bebf
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diff
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|
2368 >This pragma will cause the assembler to change the way it handles |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168
diff
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|
2369 symbols in conditional expressions. Ordinarily, any symbol that is not |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
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168
diff
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|
2370 defined prior to the conditional will throw an undefined symbol error. With |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
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168
diff
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|
2371 this pragma in effect, symbols that are not yet defined at the point the |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
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diff
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|
2372 conditional is encountered will be treated as zero.</P |
2cc599f1bebf
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diff
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|
2373 ><P |
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diff
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|
2374 >This is not the default because it encourages poor code design. One |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
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|
2375 should use the "IFDEF" or "IFNDEF" conditionals to test for the presence of |
2cc599f1bebf
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|
2376 a symbol.</P |
2cc599f1bebf
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|
2377 ><P |
2cc599f1bebf
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diff
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|
2378 >It is important to note that if a symbol is defined but it does not |
2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
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diff
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|
2379 yet evaluate to a constant value at the point where the conditional appears, |
2cc599f1bebf
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|
2380 the assembler will still complain about a non constant condition.</P |
153
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|
2381 ></DD |
347
330a66a0f45a
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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345
diff
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|
2382 ><DT |
330a66a0f45a
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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345
diff
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|
2383 >forwardrefmax</DT |
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diff
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|
2384 ><DD |
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|
2385 ><P |
330a66a0f45a
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2386 >This pragma will disable forward reference optimization completely. |
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2387 Ordinarily, LWASM will attempt to select the shortest possible addressing |
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2388 mode for forward references. However, in many source files, especially |
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2389 those not using the PCR relative addressing modes, this optimization is |
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2390 pointless since the assembler will almost certainly settle on a 16 bit |
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2391 offset or address. If all variables in the direct page are defined before |
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2392 the main body of the code, the benefit of forward reference optimization |
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2393 almost certainly vanishes completely. However, the cost of doing that |
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2394 optimization remains and can result in a very long assembly time.</P |
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2395 ><P |
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2396 >Enabling this pragma will cause all forward references to use the |
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2397 maximum offset or address size, much the same has EDTASM and other pure |
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2398 two pass assemblers do. The side effect is that all line lengths and |
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2399 symbol values are fully resolved after the initial parsing pass and the |
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2400 amount of work to resolve everything becomes almost nil.</P |
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2401 ><P |
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2402 >While this pragma can be applied selectively to sections of source |
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2403 code (use *PRAGMA if doing so and compatibility with other assemblers |
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2404 is desired), it is likely more useful when provided as a command line |
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2405 pragma.</P |
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2406 ><P |
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2407 >It should be noted that the presence or absence of this pragma |
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2408 will not change the correctness of the generated code unless cycle counts |
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2409 or byte counts are critical (which they usually are not). It also will |
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2410 not override the operand size override prefixes (< and >). It only |
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2411 applies when the assembler is left to guess what the operand size is.</P |
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2412 ></DD |
153
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2413 ></DL |
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2414 ></DIV |
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2415 ><P |
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2416 >As a convenience, each input file has a pragma state stack. This |
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2417 allows, through the use of *PRAGMAPUSH and *PRAGMAPOP, a file to change a |
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2418 pragma state and then restore it to the precise state it had previously. |
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2419 If, at the end of an input file, all pragma states have not been popped, |
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2420 they will be removed from the stack. Thus, it is critical to employ |
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2421 *PRAGMAPOP correctly. Because each input file has its own pragma stack, |
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2422 using *PRAGMAPUSH in one file and *PRAGMAPOP in another file will not |
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2423 work.</P |
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2424 ><P |
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2425 >Pragma stacks are more useful in include files, in particular in |
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2426 conjunction with the nolist pragma. One can push the state of the nolist |
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2427 pragma, engage the nolist pragma, and then pop the state of the nolist |
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2428 pragma at the end of the include file. This will cause the entire include |
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2429 file to operate under the nolist pragma. However, if the file is included |
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2430 while nolist is already engaged, it will not undo that state.</P |
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2431 ></DIV |
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2432 ></DIV |
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2433 ><DIV |
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2434 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
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2435 ><HR><H1 |
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2436 ><A |
347
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2437 NAME="AEN734" |
153
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2438 ></A |
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2439 >Chapter 4. LWLINK</H1 |
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2440 ><P |
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2441 >The LWTOOLS linker is called LWLINK. This chapter documents the various features |
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2442 of the linker.</P |
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2443 ><DIV |
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2444 CLASS="SECTION" |
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2445 ><HR><H2 |
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2446 CLASS="SECTION" |
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2447 ><A |
347
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2448 NAME="AEN737" |
153
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2449 >4.1. Command Line Options</A |
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2450 ></H2 |
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2451 ><P |
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2452 >The binary for LWLINK is called "lwlink". Note that the binary is in lower |
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2453 case. lwlink takes the following command line arguments.</P |
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2454 ><P |
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2455 ></P |
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|
2456 ><DIV |
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|
2457 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
2458 ><DL |
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|
2459 ><DT |
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2460 ><CODE |
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2461 CLASS="OPTION" |
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|
2462 >--decb</CODE |
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|
2463 >, <CODE |
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|
2464 CLASS="OPTION" |
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|
2465 >-b</CODE |
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|
2466 ></DT |
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2467 ><DD |
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2468 ><P |
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2469 >Selects the DECB output format target. This is equivalent to <CODE |
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|
2470 CLASS="OPTION" |
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|
2471 >--format=decb</CODE |
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2472 ></P |
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2473 ></DD |
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2474 ><DT |
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2475 ><CODE |
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2476 CLASS="OPTION" |
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2477 >--output=FILE</CODE |
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|
2478 >, <CODE |
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2479 CLASS="OPTION" |
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2480 >-o FILE</CODE |
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2481 ></DT |
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2482 ><DD |
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2483 ><P |
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2484 >This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the |
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2485 default is <CODE |
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2486 CLASS="OPTION" |
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|
2487 >a.out</CODE |
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2488 >.</P |
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2489 ></DD |
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|
2490 ><DT |
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2491 ><CODE |
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|
2492 CLASS="OPTION" |
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|
2493 >--format=TYPE</CODE |
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|
2494 >, <CODE |
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|
2495 CLASS="OPTION" |
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2496 >-f TYPE</CODE |
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2497 ></DT |
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2498 ><DD |
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2499 ><P |
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2500 >This option specifies the output format. Valid values are <CODE |
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|
2501 CLASS="OPTION" |
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2502 >decb</CODE |
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2503 > |
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2504 and <CODE |
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|
2505 CLASS="OPTION" |
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2506 >raw</CODE |
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2507 ></P |
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2508 ></DD |
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2509 ><DT |
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2510 ><CODE |
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2511 CLASS="OPTION" |
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2512 >--raw</CODE |
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2513 >, <CODE |
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2514 CLASS="OPTION" |
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2515 >-r</CODE |
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changeset
|
2516 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2517 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2518 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2519 >This option specifies the raw output format. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2520 It is equivalent to <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2521 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2522 >--format=raw</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2523 > |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2524 and <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2525 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2526 >-f raw</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2527 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2528 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2529 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2530 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2531 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2532 >--script=FILE</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2533 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2534 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2535 >-s</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2536 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2537 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2538 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2539 >This option allows specifying a linking script to override the linker's |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2540 built in defaults.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2541 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2542 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2543 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2544 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2545 >--section-base=SECT=BASE</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2546 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2547 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2548 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2549 >Cause section SECT to load at base address BASE. This will be prepended |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2550 to the built-in link script. It is ignored if a link script is provided.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2551 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2552 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2553 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2554 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2555 >--map=FILE</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2556 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2557 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2558 >-m FILE</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2559 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2560 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2561 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2562 >This will output a description of the link result to FILE.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2563 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2564 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2565 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2566 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2567 >--library=LIBSPEC</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2568 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2569 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2570 >-l LIBSPEC</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2571 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2572 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2573 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2574 >Load a library using the library search path. LIBSPEC will have "lib" prepended |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2575 and ".a" appended.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2576 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2577 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2578 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2579 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2580 >--library-path=DIR</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2581 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2582 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2583 >-L DIR</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2584 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2585 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2586 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2587 >Add DIR to the library search path.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2588 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2589 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2590 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2591 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2592 >--debug</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2593 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2594 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2595 >-d</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2596 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2597 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2598 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2599 >This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2600 developers.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2601 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2602 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2603 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2604 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2605 >--help</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2606 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2607 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2608 >-?</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2609 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2610 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2611 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2612 >This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2613 of each.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2614 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2615 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2616 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2617 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2618 >--usage</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2619 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2620 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2621 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2622 >This will display a usage summary |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2623 of each command line option.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2624 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2625 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2626 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2627 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2628 >--version</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2629 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2630 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2631 >-V</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2632 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2633 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2634 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2635 >This will display the version of LWLINK.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2636 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2637 ></DL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2638 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2639 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2640 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2641 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2642 ><HR><H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2643 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2644 ><A |
347
330a66a0f45a
Document the forwardrefmax pragma
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
345
diff
changeset
|
2645 NAME="AEN834" |
153
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2646 >4.2. Linker Operation</A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2647 ></H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2648 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2649 > LWLINK takes one or more files in supported input formats and links them |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2650 into a single binary. Currently supported formats are the LWTOOLS object |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2651 file format and the archive format used by LWAR. While the precise method is |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2652 slightly different, linking can be conceptualized as the following steps. </P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2653 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2654 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2655 ><OL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2656 TYPE="1" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2657 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2658 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2659 >First, the linker loads a linking script. If no script is specified, it |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2660 loads a built-in default script based on the output format selected. This |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2661 script tells the linker how to lay out the various sections in the final |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2662 binary.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2663 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2664 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2665 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2666 >Next, the linker reads all the input files into memory. At this time, it |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2667 flags any format errors in those files. It constructs a table of symbols |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2668 for each object at this time.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2669 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2670 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2671 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2672 >The linker then proceeds with organizing the sections loaded from each file |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2673 according to the linking script. As it does so, it is able to assign addresses |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2674 to each symbol defined in each object file. At this time, the linker may |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2675 also collapse different instances of the same section name into a single |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2676 section by appending the data from each subsequent instance of the section |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2677 to the first instance of the section.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2678 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2679 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2680 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2681 >Next, the linker looks through every object file for every incomplete reference. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2682 It then attempts to fully resolve that reference. If it cannot do so, it |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2683 throws an error. Once a reference is resolved, the value is placed into |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2684 the binary code at the specified section. It should be noted that an |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2685 incomplete reference can reference either a symbol internal to the object |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2686 file or an external symbol which is in the export list of another object |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2687 file.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2688 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2689 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2690 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2691 >If all of the above steps are successful, the linker opens the output file |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2692 and actually constructs the binary.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2693 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2694 ></OL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2695 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2696 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2697 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2698 ><HR><H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2699 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2700 ><A |
347
330a66a0f45a
Document the forwardrefmax pragma
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
345
diff
changeset
|
2701 NAME="AEN848" |
153
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2702 >4.3. Linking Scripts</A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2703 ></H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2704 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2705 >A linker script is used to instruct the linker about how to assemble the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2706 various sections into a completed binary. It consists of a series of |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2707 directives which are considered in the order they are encountered.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2708 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2709 >The sections will appear in the resulting binary in the order they are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2710 specified in the script file. If a referenced section is not found, the linker will behave as though the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2711 section did exist but had a zero size, no relocations, and no exports. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2712 A section should only be referenced once. Any subsequent references will have |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2713 an undefined effect.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2714 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2715 >All numbers are in linking scripts are specified in hexadecimal. All directives |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2716 are case sensitive although the hexadecimal numbers are not.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2717 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2718 >A section name can be specified as a "*", then any section not |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2719 already matched by the script will be matched. The "*" can be followed |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2720 by a comma and a flag to narrow the section down slightly, also. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2721 If the flag is "!bss", then any section that is not flagged as a bss section |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2722 will be matched. If the flag is "bss", then any section that is flagged as |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2723 bss will be matched.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2724 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2725 >The following directives are understood in a linker script.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2726 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2727 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2728 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2729 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2730 ><DL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2731 ><DT |
236
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2732 >sectopt <CODE |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2733 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2734 >section</CODE |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2735 > padafter <CODE |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2736 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2737 >byte,...</CODE |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2738 ></DT |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2739 ><DD |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2740 ><P |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2741 > This will cause the linker to append the specified list of byte values |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2742 (specified in hexadecimal separated by commas) to the end of the named |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2743 section. This is done once all instances of the specified section are |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2744 collected together. This has no effect if the specified section does not |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2745 appear anywhere in any of the objects specified for linking. </P |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2746 ><P |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2747 > If code depends on the presence of this padding somewhere, it is sufficient |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2748 to include an empty section of the specified name in the object that depends |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2749 on it. </P |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2750 ></DD |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2751 ><DT |
234
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2752 >define basesympat <CODE |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2753 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2754 >string</CODE |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2755 ></DT |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2756 ><DD |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2757 ><P |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
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|
2758 > This causes the linker to define a symbol for the ultimate base address of |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2759 each section using the pattern specified by <CODE |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2760 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2761 >string</CODE |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2762 >. |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2763 In the string, %s can appear exactly once and will be replaced with the |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2764 section name. The base address is calculated after all instances of each |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2765 section have been collapsed together. </P |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2766 ><P |
236
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2767 > It should be noted that if none of the objects to be linked contains a |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2768 particular section name, there will be no base symbol defined for it, even |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2769 if it is listed explicitly in the link script. If code depends on the |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2770 presence of these symbols, it is sufficient to include an empty section of |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2771 the specified name in the object that depends on it. </P |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2772 ><P |
234
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2773 > If the pattern resolves to the same string for multiple |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2774 sections, the results are undefined. </P |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2775 ></DD |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2776 ><DT |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2777 >define lensympat <CODE |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2778 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2779 >string</CODE |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2780 ></DT |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2781 ><DD |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2782 ><P |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2783 > This causes the linker to define a symbol for the ultimate length of each |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2784 section using the pattern specified by <CODE |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2785 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2786 >string</CODE |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2787 >. In |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2788 the string, %s can appear exactly once and will be replaced with the section |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2789 name. The length is calculated after all instances of a section have been |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2790 collapsed together. </P |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2791 ><P |
236
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2792 > It should be noted that if none of the objects to be linked contains a |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2793 particular section name, there will be no length symbol defined for it, even |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2794 if it is listed explicitly in the link script. If code depends on the |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2795 presence of these symbols, it is sufficient to include an empty section of |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2796 the specified name in the object that depends on it. </P |
ce1fdc8d6568
Added ability to add padding after a section when linking.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
234
diff
changeset
|
2797 ><P |
234
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2798 >If the pattern resolves to the same string for multiple |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2799 sections, the results are undefined. </P |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2800 ></DD |
d389adbcc4ab
Added section base and length symbols to lwlink
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
232
diff
changeset
|
2801 ><DT |
153
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2802 >section <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2803 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2804 >name</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2805 > load <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2806 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2807 >addr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2808 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2809 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2810 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2811 > This causes the section <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2812 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2813 >name</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2814 > to load at |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2815 <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2816 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2817 >addr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2818 >. For the raw target, only one "load at" entry is |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2819 allowed for non-bss sections and it must be the first one. For raw targets, |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2820 it affects the addresses the linker assigns to symbols but has no other |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2821 affect on the output. bss sections may all have separate load addresses but |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2822 since they will not appear in the binary anyway, this is okay.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2823 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2824 >For the decb target, each "load" entry will cause a new "block" to be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2825 output to the binary which will contain the load address. It is legal for |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2826 sections to overlap in this manner - the linker assumes the loader will sort |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2827 everything out.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2828 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2829 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2830 >section <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2831 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2832 >name</CODE |
316
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2833 > high <CODE |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2834 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2835 >addr</CODE |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2836 ></DT |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2837 ><DD |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2838 ><P |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2839 > This causes the section <CODE |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2840 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2841 >name</CODE |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2842 > to load with its end |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2843 address just below <CODE |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2844 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2845 >addr</CODE |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2846 >. Subsequent sections are |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2847 loaded at progressively lower addresses. This may lead to inefficient file |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2848 encoding for some targets. As of this writing, it will also almost |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2849 certainly do the wrong thing for a raw target. </P |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2850 ><P |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2851 > This is useful for aligning a block of code with high memory. As an |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2852 example, if the total size of a section is $100 bytes and a high address of |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2853 $FE00 is specified, the section will actually load at $FD00. </P |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2854 ></DD |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2855 ><DT |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2856 >section <CODE |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2857 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
c4853a54b4a1
Documented new "high" option for link scripts.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
254
diff
changeset
|
2858 >name</CODE |
153
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2859 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2860 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2861 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2862 > This will cause the section <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2863 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2864 >name</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2865 > to load after the previously listed |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2866 section.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2867 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2868 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2869 >entry <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2870 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2871 >addr or sym</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2872 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2873 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2874 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2875 >This will cause the execution address (entry point) to be the address |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2876 specified (in hex) or the specified symbol name. The symbol name must |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2877 match a symbol that is exported by one of the object files being linked. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2878 This has no effect for targets that do not encode the entry point into the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2879 resulting file. If not specified, the entry point is assumed to be address 0 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2880 which is probably not what you want. The default link scripts for targets |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2881 that support this directive automatically starts at the beginning of the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2882 first section (usually "init" or "code") that is emitted in the binary.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2883 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2884 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2885 >pad <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2886 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2887 >size</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2888 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2889 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2890 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2891 >This will cause the output file to be padded with NUL bytes to be exactly |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2892 <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2893 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2894 >size</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2895 > bytes in length. This only makes sense for a raw target.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2896 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2897 ></DL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2898 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2899 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2900 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2901 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2902 ><HR><H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2903 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2904 ><A |
347
330a66a0f45a
Document the forwardrefmax pragma
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
345
diff
changeset
|
2905 NAME="AEN914" |
153
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2906 >4.4. Format Specific Linking Notes</A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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2907 ></H2 |
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|
2908 ><P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2909 >Some formats require special information to be able to generate actual |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2910 binaries. If the specific format you are interested in is not listed in |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2911 this section, then there is nothing special you need to know about to create |
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|
2912 a final binary.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
2913 ><DIV |
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parents:
diff
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|
2914 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2915 ><HR><H3 |
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parents:
diff
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|
2916 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
2917 ><A |
347
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2918 NAME="AEN917" |
153
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2919 >4.4.1. OS9 Modules</A |
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parents:
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|
2920 ></H3 |
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parents:
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|
2921 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2922 >OS9 modules need to embed several items into the module header. These |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2923 items are the type of module, the langauge of the module, the module |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2924 attributes, the module revision number, the data size (bss), and the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2925 execution offset. These are all either calculated or default to reasonable |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2926 values.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
2927 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2928 >The data size is calcuated as the sum of all sections named "bss" or |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2929 ".bss" in all object files that are linked together.</P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2930 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2931 >The execution offset is calculated from the address of the special |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2932 symbol "__start" which must be an exported (external) symbol in one of the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2933 objects to be linked.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2934 ><P |
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|
2935 >The type defaults to "Prgrm" or "Program module". The language |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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2936 defaults to "Objct" or "6809 object code". Attributes default to enabling |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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2937 the re-entrant flag. And finally, the revision defaults to zero.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2938 ><P |
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|
2939 >The embedded module name is the output filename. If the output |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2940 filename includes more than just the filename, this will probably not be |
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diff
changeset
|
2941 what you want.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2942 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2943 >The type, language, attributes, revision, and module name can all be |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2944 overridden by providing a special section in exactly one of the object files |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2945 to be linked. This section is called "__os9" (note the two underscores). |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2946 To override the type, language, attributes, or revision values, define a |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
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|
2947 non-exported symbol in this section called "type", "lang", "attr", or "rev" |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2948 respectively. Any other symbols defined are ignored. To override the |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2949 module name, include as the only actual code in the section a NUL terminated |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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changeset
|
2950 string (the FCN directive is useful for this). If there is no code in the |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2951 section or it beings with a NUL, the default name will be used. Any of the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2952 preceeding that are not defined in the special section will retain their |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2953 default values.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2954 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2955 >The built-in link script for OS9 modules will place the following |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2956 sections, in order, in the module: "code", ".text", "data", ".data". It |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2957 will merge all sections with the name "bss" or ".bss" into the "data" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2958 section. All other section names are ignored. What this means is that you |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2959 must define your data variables in the a section called "bss" or ".bss" even |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2960 though you will be refencing them all as offsets from U. This does have the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2961 unpleasant side effect that all BSS references will end up being 16 bit |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2962 offsets because the assembler cannot know what the offset will be once the |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2963 linker is finished its work. Thus, if the tightest possible code is |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2964 required, having LWASM directly output the module is a better choice.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2965 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
2966 >While the built-in link script is probably sufficient for most |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2967 purposes, you can provide your own script. If you provide a custom link |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2968 script, you must start your code and data sections at location 000D to |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2969 accommodate the module header. Otherwise, you will have an incorrect |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2970 location for the execution offset. You must use the ENTRY directive in the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2971 script to define the entry point for the module.</P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
changeset
|
2972 ><P |
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|
2973 >It should also be obvious from the above that you cannot mix the bss |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2974 (rmb) definitions with the module code when linking separately. Those |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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changeset
|
2975 familiar with typical module creation will probably find this an unpleasant |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2976 difference but it is unavoidable.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2977 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2978 >It should also be noted that direct page references should also be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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changeset
|
2979 avoided because you cannot know ahead of time whether the linker is going to |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2980 end up putting a particular variable in the first 256 bytes of the module's |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2981 data space. If, however, you know for certain you will have less than 256 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
2982 bytes of defined data space across all of the object files that will be |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2983 linked, you can instead use forced DP addressing for your data addresses |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2984 instead of the ,u notation. When linking with 3rd party libraries, this |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2985 practice should be avoided. Also, when creating libraries, always use the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
2986 offset from U technique.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
2987 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2988 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2989 ></DIV |
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parents:
diff
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|
2990 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
2991 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
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parents:
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|
2992 ><HR><H1 |
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|
2993 ><A |
347
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|
2994 NAME="AEN929" |
153
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|
2995 ></A |
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|
2996 >Chapter 5. Libraries and LWAR</H1 |
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|
2997 ><P |
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|
2998 >LWTOOLS also includes a tool for managing libraries. These are analogous to |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2999 the static libraries created with the "ar" tool on POSIX systems. Each library |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
3000 file contains one or more object files. The linker will treat the object |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3001 files within a library as though they had been specified individually on |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3002 the command line except when resolving external references. External references |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3003 are looked up first within the object files within the library and then, if |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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changeset
|
3004 not found, the usual lookup based on the order the files are specified on |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
3005 the command line occurs.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3006 ><P |
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parents:
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|
3007 >The tool for creating these libary files is called LWAR.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
3008 ><DIV |
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parents:
diff
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|
3009 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3010 ><HR><H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3011 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
3012 ><A |
347
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|
3013 NAME="AEN933" |
153
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|
3014 >5.1. Command Line Options</A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
3015 ></H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
3016 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
3017 >The binary for LWAR is called "lwar". Note that the binary is in lower |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3018 case. The options lwar understands are listed below. For archive manipulation |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3019 options, the first non-option argument is the name of the archive. All other |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
3020 non-option arguments are the names of files to operate on.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3021 ><P |
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parents:
diff
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|
3022 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
3023 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3024 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3025 ><DL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3026 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3027 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3028 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3029 >--add</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3030 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3031 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3032 >-a</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3033 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3034 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3035 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3036 >This option specifies that an archive is going to have files added to it. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3037 If the archive does not already exist, it is created. New files are added |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3038 to the end of the archive.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3039 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3040 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3041 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3042 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3043 >--create</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3044 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3045 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3046 >-c</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3047 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3048 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3049 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3050 >This option specifies that an archive is going to be created and have files |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3051 added to it. If the archive already exists, it is truncated.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3052 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3053 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3054 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3055 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3056 >--merge</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3057 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3058 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3059 >-m</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3060 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3061 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3062 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3063 >If specified, any files specified to be added to an archive will be checked |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3064 to see if they are archives themselves. If so, their constituent members are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3065 added to the archive. This is useful for avoiding archives containing archives.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3066 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3067 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3068 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3069 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3070 >--list</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3071 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3072 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3073 >-l</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3074 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3075 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3076 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3077 >This will display a list of the files contained in the archive.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3078 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3079 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3080 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3081 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3082 >--debug</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3083 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3084 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3085 >-d</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3086 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3087 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3088 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3089 >This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3090 developers.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3091 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3092 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3093 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3094 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3095 >--help</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3096 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3097 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3098 >-?</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3099 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3100 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3101 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3102 >This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3103 of each.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3104 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3105 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3106 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3107 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3108 >--usage</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3109 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3110 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3111 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3112 >This will display a usage summary |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3113 of each command line option.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3114 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3115 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3116 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3117 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3118 >--version</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3119 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3120 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3121 >-V</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3122 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3123 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3124 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3125 >This will display the version of LWLINK. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3126 of each.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3127 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3128 ></DL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3129 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3130 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3131 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3132 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3133 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3134 ><HR><H1 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3135 ><A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3136 NAME="OBJCHAP" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3137 ></A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3138 >Chapter 6. Object Files</H1 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3139 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3140 >LWTOOLS uses a proprietary object file format. It is proprietary in the sense |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3141 that it is specific to LWTOOLS, not that it is a hidden format. It would be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3142 hard to keep it hidden in an open source tool chain anyway. This chapter |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3143 documents the object file format.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3144 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3145 >An object file consists of a series of sections each of which contains a |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3146 list of exported symbols, a list of incomplete references, and a list of |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3147 "local" symbols which may be used in calculating incomplete references. Each |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3148 section will obviously also contain the object code.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3149 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3150 >Exported symbols must be completely resolved to an address within the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3151 section it is exported from. That is, an exported symbol must be a constant |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3152 rather than defined in terms of other symbols.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3153 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3154 >Each object file starts with a magic number and version number. The magic |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3155 number is the string "LWOBJ16" for this 16 bit object file format. The only |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3156 defined version number is currently 0. Thus, the first 8 bytes of the object |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3157 file are <FONT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3158 COLOR="RED" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3159 >4C574F424A313600</FONT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3160 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3161 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3162 >Each section has the following items in order:</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3163 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3164 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3165 ><UL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3166 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3167 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3168 >section name</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3169 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3170 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3171 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3172 >flags</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3173 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3174 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3175 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3176 >list of local symbols (and addresses within the section)</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3177 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3178 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3179 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3180 >list of exported symbols (and addresses within the section)</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3181 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3182 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3183 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3184 >list of incomplete references along with the expressions to calculate them</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3185 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3186 ><LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3187 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3188 >the actual object code (for non-BSS sections)</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3189 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3190 ></UL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3191 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3192 >The section starts with the name of the section with a NUL termination |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3193 followed by a series of flag bytes terminated by NUL. There are only two |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3194 flag bytes defined. A NUL (0) indicates no more flags and a value of 1 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3195 indicates the section is a BSS section. For a BSS section, no actual |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3196 code is included in the object file.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3197 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3198 >Either a NULL section name or end of file indicate the presence of no more |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3199 sections.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3200 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3201 >Each entry in the exported and local symbols table consists of the symbol |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3202 (NUL terminated) followed by two bytes which contain the value in big endian |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3203 order. The end of a symbol table is indicated by a NULL symbol name.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3204 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3205 >Each entry in the incomplete references table consists of an expression |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3206 followed by a 16 bit offset where the reference goes. Expressions are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3207 defined as a series of terms up to an "end of expression" term. Each term |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3208 consists of a single byte which identifies the type of term (see below) |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3209 followed by any data required by the term. Then end of the list is flagged |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3210 by a NULL expression (only an end of expression term).</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3211 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3212 CLASS="TABLE" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3213 ><A |
347
330a66a0f45a
Document the forwardrefmax pragma
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
345
diff
changeset
|
3214 NAME="AEN1016" |
153
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3215 ></A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3216 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3217 ><B |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3218 >Table 6-1. Object File Term Types</B |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3219 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3220 ><TABLE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3221 BORDER="1" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3222 FRAME="border" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3223 CLASS="CALSTABLE" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3224 ><COL><COL><THEAD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3225 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3226 ><TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3227 >TERMTYPE</TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3228 ><TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3229 >Meaning</TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3230 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3231 ></THEAD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3232 ><TBODY |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3233 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3234 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3235 >00</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3236 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3237 >end of expression</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3238 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3239 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3240 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3241 >01</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3242 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3243 >integer (16 bit in big endian order follows)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3244 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3245 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3246 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3247 >02</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3248 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3249 > external symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3250 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3251 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3252 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3253 >03</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3254 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3255 >local symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3256 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3257 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3258 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3259 >04</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3260 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3261 >operator (1 byte operator number)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3262 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3263 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3264 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3265 >05</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3266 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3267 >section base address reference</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3268 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3269 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3270 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3271 >FF</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3272 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3273 >This term will set flags for the expression. Each one of these terms will set a single flag. All of them should be specified first in an expression. If they are not, the behaviour is undefined. The byte following is the flag. Flag 01 indicates an 8 bit relocation. Flag 02 indicates a zero-width relocation (see the EXTDEP pseudo op in LWASM).</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3274 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3275 ></TBODY |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3276 ></TABLE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3277 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3278 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3279 >External references are resolved using other object files while local |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3280 references are resolved using the local symbol table(s) from this file. This |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3281 allows local symbols that are not exported to have the same names as |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3282 exported symbols or external references.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3283 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3284 CLASS="TABLE" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3285 ><A |
347
330a66a0f45a
Document the forwardrefmax pragma
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
345
diff
changeset
|
3286 NAME="AEN1046" |
153
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3287 ></A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3288 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3289 ><B |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3290 >Table 6-2. Object File Operator Numbers</B |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3291 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3292 ><TABLE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3293 BORDER="1" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3294 FRAME="border" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3295 CLASS="CALSTABLE" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3296 ><COL><COL><THEAD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3297 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3298 ><TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3299 >Number</TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3300 ><TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3301 >Operator</TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3302 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3303 ></THEAD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3304 ><TBODY |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3305 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3306 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3307 >01</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3308 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3309 >addition (+)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3310 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3311 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3312 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3313 >02</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3314 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3315 >subtraction (-)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3316 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3317 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3318 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3319 >03</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3320 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3321 >multiplication (*)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3322 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3323 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3324 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3325 >04</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3326 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3327 >division (/)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3328 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3329 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3330 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3331 >05</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3332 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3333 >modulus (%)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3334 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3335 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3336 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3337 >06</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3338 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3339 >integer division (\) (same as division)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3340 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3341 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3342 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3343 >07</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3344 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3345 >bitwise and</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3346 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3347 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3348 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3349 >08</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3350 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3351 >bitwise or</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3352 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3353 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3354 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3355 >09</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3356 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3357 >bitwise xor</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3358 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3359 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3360 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3361 >0A</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3362 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3363 >boolean and</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3364 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3365 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3366 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3367 >0B</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3368 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3369 >boolean or</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3370 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3371 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3372 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3373 >0C</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3374 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3375 >unary negation, 2's complement (-)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3376 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3377 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3378 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3379 >0D</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3380 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3381 >unary 1's complement (^)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3382 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3383 ></TBODY |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3384 ></TABLE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3385 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3386 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3387 >An expression is represented in a postfix manner with both operands for |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3388 binary operators preceding the operator and the single operand for unary |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3389 operators preceding the operator.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3390 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3391 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3392 ></BODY |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3393 ></HTML |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3394 > |