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Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions. The occasional program uses the 6800 compatibility instructions since they are actually specified by Motorola in at least some documentation. They advertised the 6809 as source compatible with the 6800. This mode is not enabled by default, however. It is my belief that receiving an error when using a non-6809 instruction is more useful since it is unlikely that much 6800 source code is being assembled for the 6809 these days. Nevertheless, the --6809compat option is present for just those purposes so one does not have to resort to using macros (which would work equally well in most cases).
author William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
date Tue, 15 Apr 2014 10:57:34 -0600
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children 330a66a0f45a
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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2 <HTML
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3 ><HEAD
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4 ><TITLE
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5 >Assembler Modes and Pragmas</TITLE
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6 ><META
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7 NAME="GENERATOR"
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
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9 REL="HOME"
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10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
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11 HREF="index.html"><LINK
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12 REL="UP"
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13 TITLE="LWASM"
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14 HREF="c62.html"><LINK
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15 REL="PREVIOUS"
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16 TITLE="Object Files and Sections"
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17 HREF="x564.html"><LINK
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18 REL="NEXT"
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19 TITLE="LWLINK"
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20 HREF="c727.html"></HEAD
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21 ><BODY
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22 CLASS="SECTION"
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23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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24 TEXT="#000000"
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25 LINK="#0000FF"
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26 VLINK="#840084"
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27 ALINK="#0000FF"
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28 ><DIV
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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30 ><TABLE
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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32 WIDTH="100%"
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33 BORDER="0"
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34 CELLPADDING="0"
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35 CELLSPACING="0"
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36 ><TR
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37 ><TH
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38 COLSPAN="3"
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39 ALIGN="center"
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH
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41 ></TR
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42 ><TR
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43 ><TD
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44 WIDTH="10%"
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45 ALIGN="left"
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46 VALIGN="bottom"
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47 ><A
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48 HREF="x564.html"
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49 ACCESSKEY="P"
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50 >Prev</A
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51 ></TD
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52 ><TD
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53 WIDTH="80%"
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54 ALIGN="center"
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55 VALIGN="bottom"
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
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57 ><TD
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58 WIDTH="10%"
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59 ALIGN="right"
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60 VALIGN="bottom"
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61 ><A
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62 HREF="c727.html"
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63 ACCESSKEY="N"
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64 >Next</A
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65 ></TD
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66 ></TR
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67 ></TABLE
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68 ><HR
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69 ALIGN="LEFT"
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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71 ><DIV
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72 CLASS="SECTION"
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73 ><H1
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74 CLASS="SECTION"
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75 ><A
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76 NAME="AEN628"
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77 >3.10. Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A
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78 ></H1
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79 ><P
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80 >There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed.
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81 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because
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82 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include
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83 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during
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84 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition,
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85 not portable between assemblers.</P
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86 ><P
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87 >LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or
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88 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by
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89 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives
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90 are as follows.</P
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91 ><P
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92 ></P
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93 ><DIV
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94 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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95 ><DL
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96 ><DT
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97 >PRAGMA <CODE
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98 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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99 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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100 ></DT
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101 ><DD
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102 ><P
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103 >Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <CODE
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104 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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105 >pragma</CODE
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106 >s
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107 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new
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108 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when
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109 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.</P
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110 ></DD
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111 ><DT
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112 >*PRAGMA <CODE
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113 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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114 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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115 ></DT
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116 ><DD
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117 ><P
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118 >This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with
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119 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting
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120 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not
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121 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required
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122 for correct functioning of the code.</P
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123 ></DD
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124 ><DT
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125 >*PRAGMAPUSH <CODE
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126 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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127 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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128 ></DT
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129 ><DD
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130 ><P
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131 >This directive saves the current state of the specified pragma(s) for later retrieval. See discussion below for more information.</P
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132 ><P
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133 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P
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134 ></DD
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135 ><DT
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136 >*PRAGMAPOP <CODE
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137 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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138 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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139 ></DT
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140 ><DD
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141 ><P
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142 >This directive restores the previously saved state of the specified pragma(s). See discussion below for more information.</P
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143 ><P
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144 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P
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145 ></DD
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146 ></DL
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147 ></DIV
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148 ><P
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149 >Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version.
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150 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables
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151 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed
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152 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". When only one version is
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153 listed below, its opposite can be obtained by prepending "no" if it is not
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154 present or removing "no" from the beginning if it is present.</P
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155 ><P
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156 >Pragmas are not case sensitive.</P
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157 ><P
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158 ></P
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159 ><DIV
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160 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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161 ><DL
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162 ><DT
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163 >6800compat</DT
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164 ><DD
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165 ><P
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166 >When in force, this pragma enables recognition of various
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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167 compatibility instructions useful when assembling 6800 code. These
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168 compatibility instructions are assembled into equivalent 6809 instructions.
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169 This mode also includes several analogous instructions which are not
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170 strictly 6800 instructions but allow the similar style to be applied to 6809
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171 specific features.</P
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172 ><P
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173 >Technically, a compliant 6809 assembler must recognize these
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174 instructions by default since Motorola advertised the 6809 as being source
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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175 compatible with the 6800. However, most source code does not require this
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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176 compatibility and LWASM itself did not support these instructions prior to
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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177 version 4.11 so this mode is disabled by default.</P
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178 ></DD
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179 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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180 >index0tonone</DT
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181 ><DD
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182 ><P
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183 >When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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184 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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185 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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186 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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187 of this optimization, it is enabled by default.</P
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188 ></DD
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189 ><DT
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190 >cescapes</DT
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191 ><DD
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192 ><P
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193 >This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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194 have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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195 spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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196 immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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197 on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.</P
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198 ></DD
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199 ><DT
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200 >importundefexport</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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201 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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202 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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203 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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204 in force, it will cause the EXPORT directive to act as IMPORT if the symbol
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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205 to be exported is not defined. This is provided for compatibility with the
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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206 output of gcc6809 and should not be used in hand written code. Because of
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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207 the confusion this pragma can cause, it is disabled by default.</P
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208 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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209 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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210 >undefextern</DT
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211 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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212 ><P
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213 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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214 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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215 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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216 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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217 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising,
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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218 this pragma defaults to off.</P
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219 ><P
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220 >The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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221 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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222 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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223 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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224 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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225 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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226 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)</P
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227 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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228 >This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects.
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229 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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230 for one or two files to use this pragma internally.</P
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231 ></DD
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232 ><DT
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233 >export</DT
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234 ><DD
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235 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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236 >This pragma causes all symbols to be added to the export list
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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237 automatically. This is useful when a large number of symbols need to be
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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238 exported but you do not wish to include an EXPORT directive for all of them.
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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239 This is often useful on the command line but might be useful even inline
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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240 with the PRAGMA directive if a large number of symbols in a row are to be
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241 exported.</P
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242 ></DD
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243 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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244 >dollarlocal</DT
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245 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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246 ><P
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247 >When set, a "$" in a symbol makes it local. When not set, "$" does not
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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248 cause a symbol to be local. It is set by default except when using the OS9
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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249 target.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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250 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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251 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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252 >dollarnotlocal</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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253 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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254 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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255 > This is the same as the "dollarlocal" pragma except its sense is
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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256 reversed. That is, "dollarlocal" and "nodollarnotlocal" are equivalent and
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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257 "nodollarlocal" and "dollarnotlocal" are equivalent. </P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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258 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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259 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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260 >pcaspcr</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
261 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
262 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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263 > Normally, LWASM makes a distinction between PC and PCR in program
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
264 counter relative addressing. In particular, the use of PC means an absolute
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
265 offset from PC while PCR causes the assembler to calculate the offset to the
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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266 specified operand and use that as the offset from PC. By setting this
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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267 pragma, you can have PC treated the same as PCR. </P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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268 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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269 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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270 >shadow</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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271 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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272 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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273 >When this pragma is in effect, it becomes possible to define a macro
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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274 that matches an internal operation code. Thus, it makes it possible to
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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275 redefine either CPU instructions or pseudo operations. Because this feature
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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276 is of dubious utility, it is disabled by default.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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277 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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278 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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279 >nolist</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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280 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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281 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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282 >Lines where this pragma is in effect will not appear in the assembly
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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283 listing. Also, any symbols defined under this pragma will not show up in
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
284 the symbol list. This is most useful in include files to avoid spamming the
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
285 assembly listing with dozens, hundreds, or thousands of irrelevant
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
286 symbols.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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287 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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288 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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289 >autobranchlength</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
290 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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291 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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292 >One of the perennial annoyances for 6809 programmers is that the
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
293 mneumonics for the short and long branch instructions are different (bxx vs.
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
294 lbxx), which is at odds with the rest of the instruction set. This pragma
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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295 is a solution to those annoying byte overflow errors that short branch
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
296 instructions tend to aquire.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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297 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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298 >When this pragma is in effect, which is not the default, whenever any
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
299 relative branch instruction is used, its size will be automatically
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
300 determined based on the actual distance to the destination. In other words,
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
301 one can write code with long or short branches everywhere and the assembler
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
302 will choose a size for the branch.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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303 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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304 >Also, while this pragma is in effect, the &#62; and &#60; symbols can be used
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
305 to force the branch size, analogous to their use for other instructions with
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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306 &#60; forcing 8 bit offsets and &#62; forcing 16 bit offets.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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307 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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308 >Because this pragma leads to source that is incompatible with other
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
309 assemblers, it is strongly recommended that it be invoked using the PRAGMA
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
310 directive within the source code rather than on the command line or via the
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
311 *PRAGMA directive. This way, an error will be raised if someone tries to
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
312 assemble the code under a different assembler.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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313 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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314 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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315 >nosymbolcase, symbolnocase</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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316 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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317 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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318 >Any symbol defined while this pragma is in force will be treated as
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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319 case insensitive, regardless whether the pragma is in force when the symbol
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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320 is referenced.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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321 ><P
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322 >It is important to note that this pragma will not work as expected in
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323 all cases when using the object file assembly target. It is intended for
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324 use only when the assembler will be producing the final binary.</P
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325 ></DD
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326 ><DT
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327 >condundefzero</DT
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328 ><DD
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329 ><P
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330 >This pragma will cause the assembler to change the way it handles
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331 symbols in conditional expressions. Ordinarily, any symbol that is not
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332 defined prior to the conditional will throw an undefined symbol error. With
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333 this pragma in effect, symbols that are not yet defined at the point the
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334 conditional is encountered will be treated as zero.</P
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335 ><P
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336 >This is not the default because it encourages poor code design. One
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337 should use the "IFDEF" or "IFNDEF" conditionals to test for the presence of
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338 a symbol.</P
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339 ><P
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340 >It is important to note that if a symbol is defined but it does not
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341 yet evaluate to a constant value at the point where the conditional appears,
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342 the assembler will still complain about a non constant condition.</P
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343 ></DD
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344 ></DL
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345 ></DIV
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346 ><P
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347 >As a convenience, each input file has a pragma state stack. This
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348 allows, through the use of *PRAGMAPUSH and *PRAGMAPOP, a file to change a
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349 pragma state and then restore it to the precise state it had previously.
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350 If, at the end of an input file, all pragma states have not been popped,
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351 they will be removed from the stack. Thus, it is critical to employ
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352 *PRAGMAPOP correctly. Because each input file has its own pragma stack,
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353 using *PRAGMAPUSH in one file and *PRAGMAPOP in another file will not
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354 work.</P
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355 ><P
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356 >Pragma stacks are more useful in include files, in particular in
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357 conjunction with the nolist pragma. One can push the state of the nolist
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358 pragma, engage the nolist pragma, and then pop the state of the nolist
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359 pragma at the end of the include file. This will cause the entire include
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360 file to operate under the nolist pragma. However, if the file is included
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361 while nolist is already engaged, it will not undo that state.</P
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362 ></DIV
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363 ><DIV
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364 CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
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365 ><HR
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366 ALIGN="LEFT"
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367 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
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368 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
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369 WIDTH="100%"
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370 BORDER="0"
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371 CELLPADDING="0"
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372 CELLSPACING="0"
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373 ><TR
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374 ><TD
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375 WIDTH="33%"
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376 ALIGN="left"
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377 VALIGN="top"
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378 ><A
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379 HREF="x564.html"
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380 ACCESSKEY="P"
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381 >Prev</A
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382 ></TD
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383 ><TD
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384 WIDTH="34%"
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385 ALIGN="center"
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386 VALIGN="top"
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387 ><A
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388 HREF="index.html"
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389 ACCESSKEY="H"
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390 >Home</A
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391 ></TD
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392 ><TD
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393 WIDTH="33%"
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394 ALIGN="right"
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395 VALIGN="top"
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396 ><A
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397 HREF="c727.html"
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398 ACCESSKEY="N"
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399 >Next</A
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400 ></TD
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401 ></TR
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402 ><TR
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403 ><TD
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404 WIDTH="33%"
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405 ALIGN="left"
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406 VALIGN="top"
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407 >Object Files and Sections</TD
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408 ><TD
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409 WIDTH="34%"
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410 ALIGN="center"
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411 VALIGN="top"
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412 ><A
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413 HREF="c62.html"
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414 ACCESSKEY="U"
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415 >Up</A
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416 ></TD
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417 ><TD
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418 WIDTH="33%"
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419 ALIGN="right"
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420 VALIGN="top"
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421 >LWLINK</TD
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422 ></TR
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423 ></TABLE
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424 ></DIV
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425 ></BODY
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426 ></HTML
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427 >