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annotate docs/manual/x659.html @ 473:8181ddd707f1
Add "nooutput" pragma
Add the "nooutput" pragma which causes assembly to proceed as normal for
code with the exception that no output is generated for any instructions
under this pragma. The current address is increased as usual and the symbol
table is still constructed. However, no actual output is generated for lines
operating under this pragma.
author | William Astle <lost@l-w.ca> |
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date | Thu, 01 Nov 2018 23:07:03 -0600 |
parents | cad5937314cb |
children | a71206ed966c |
rev | line source |
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> |
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2 <HTML |
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3 ><HEAD |
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4 ><TITLE |
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5 >Assembler Modes and Pragmas</TITLE |
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6 ><META |
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7 NAME="GENERATOR" |
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK |
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9 REL="HOME" |
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10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain" |
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11 HREF="index.html"><LINK |
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12 REL="UP" |
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13 TITLE="LWASM" |
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14 HREF="c62.html"><LINK |
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15 REL="PREVIOUS" |
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16 TITLE="Object Files and Sections" |
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17 HREF="x595.html"><LINK |
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18 REL="NEXT" |
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19 TITLE="Convenience Instructions" |
455 | 20 HREF="x800.html"></HEAD |
394
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21 ><BODY |
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22 CLASS="SECTION" |
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23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" |
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24 TEXT="#000000" |
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25 LINK="#0000FF" |
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26 VLINK="#840084" |
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27 ALINK="#0000FF" |
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28 ><DIV |
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER" |
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30 ><TABLE |
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table" |
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32 WIDTH="100%" |
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33 BORDER="0" |
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34 CELLPADDING="0" |
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35 CELLSPACING="0" |
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36 ><TR |
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37 ><TH |
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38 COLSPAN="3" |
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39 ALIGN="center" |
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH |
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41 ></TR |
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42 ><TR |
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43 ><TD |
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44 WIDTH="10%" |
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45 ALIGN="left" |
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46 VALIGN="bottom" |
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47 ><A |
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48 HREF="x595.html" |
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49 ACCESSKEY="P" |
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50 >Prev</A |
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51 ></TD |
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52 ><TD |
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53 WIDTH="80%" |
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54 ALIGN="center" |
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55 VALIGN="bottom" |
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD |
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57 ><TD |
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58 WIDTH="10%" |
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59 ALIGN="right" |
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60 VALIGN="bottom" |
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61 ><A |
455 | 62 HREF="x800.html" |
394
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63 ACCESSKEY="N" |
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64 >Next</A |
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65 ></TD |
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66 ></TR |
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67 ></TABLE |
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68 ><HR |
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69 ALIGN="LEFT" |
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV |
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71 ><DIV |
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72 CLASS="SECTION" |
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73 ><H1 |
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74 CLASS="SECTION" |
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75 ><A |
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76 NAME="AEN659" |
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77 >3.10. Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A |
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78 ></H1 |
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79 ><P |
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80 >There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed. |
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81 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because |
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82 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include |
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83 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during |
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84 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition, |
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85 not portable between assemblers.</P |
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86 ><P |
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87 >LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or |
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88 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by |
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89 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives |
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90 are as follows.</P |
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91 ><P |
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92 ></P |
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93 ><DIV |
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94 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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95 ><DL |
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96 ><DT |
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97 >PRAGMA <CODE |
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98 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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99 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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100 ></DT |
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101 ><DD |
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102 ><P |
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103 >Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <CODE |
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104 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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105 >pragma</CODE |
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106 >s |
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107 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new |
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108 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when |
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109 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.</P |
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110 ></DD |
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111 ><DT |
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112 >*PRAGMA <CODE |
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113 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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114 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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115 ></DT |
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116 ><DD |
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117 ><P |
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118 >This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with |
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119 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting |
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120 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not |
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121 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required |
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122 for correct functioning of the code.</P |
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123 ></DD |
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124 ><DT |
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125 >*PRAGMAPUSH <CODE |
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126 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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127 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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128 ></DT |
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129 ><DD |
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130 ><P |
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131 >This directive saves the current state of the specified pragma(s) for later retrieval. See discussion below for more information.</P |
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132 ><P |
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133 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P |
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134 ></DD |
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135 ><DT |
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136 >*PRAGMAPOP <CODE |
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137 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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138 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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139 ></DT |
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140 ><DD |
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141 ><P |
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142 >This directive restores the previously saved state of the specified pragma(s). See discussion below for more information.</P |
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143 ><P |
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144 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P |
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145 ></DD |
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146 ></DL |
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147 ></DIV |
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148 ><P |
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149 >Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version. |
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150 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables |
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151 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed |
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152 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". When only one version is |
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153 listed below, its opposite can be obtained by prepending "no" if it is not |
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154 present or removing "no" from the beginning if it is present.</P |
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155 ><P |
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156 >Pragmas are not case sensitive.</P |
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157 ><P |
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158 ></P |
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159 ><DIV |
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160 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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161 ><DL |
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162 ><DT |
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163 >6800compat</DT |
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164 ><DD |
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165 ><P |
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166 >When in force, this pragma enables recognition of various |
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167 compatibility instructions useful when assembling 6800 code. These |
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168 compatibility instructions are assembled into equivalent 6809 instructions. |
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169 This mode also includes several analogous instructions which are not |
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170 strictly 6800 instructions but allow the similar style to be applied to 6809 |
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171 specific features.</P |
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172 ><P |
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173 >Technically, a compliant 6809 assembler must recognize these |
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174 instructions by default since Motorola advertised the 6809 as being source |
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175 compatible with the 6800. However, most source code does not require this |
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176 compatibility and LWASM itself did not support these instructions prior to |
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177 version 4.11 so this mode is disabled by default.</P |
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178 ></DD |
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179 ><DT |
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180 >6809</DT |
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181 ><DD |
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182 ><P |
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183 >This pragma allows you to mark a section of code as 6809-only. In ths mode, |
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184 the assembler will throw an error if any 6309 instructions are used.</P |
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185 ></DD |
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186 ><DT |
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187 >6309</DT |
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188 ><DD |
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189 ><P |
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190 >This pragma enables the use of 6309 instructions and disables any 6809 specific |
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191 instructions. It also changes the cycle count listing output (if selected) |
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192 to display 6309 timings.</P |
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193 ></DD |
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194 ><DT |
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195 >6809conv, 6309conv</DT |
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196 ><DD |
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197 ><P |
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198 >These pragmas enable convenience instructions extending the 6809 and 6309 |
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199 instruction sets respectively. For more information, see |
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200 <A |
455 | 201 HREF="x800.html" |
394
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202 >Section 3.11</A |
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203 >.</P |
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204 ></DD |
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205 ><DT |
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206 >index0tonone</DT |
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207 ><DD |
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208 ><P |
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209 >When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing |
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210 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is |
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211 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent |
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212 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages |
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213 of this optimization, it is enabled by default.</P |
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214 ></DD |
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215 ><DT |
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216 >cescapes</DT |
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217 ><DD |
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218 ><P |
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219 >This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to |
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220 have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official |
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221 spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character |
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222 immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely |
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223 on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.</P |
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224 ></DD |
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225 ><DT |
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226 >importundefexport</DT |
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227 ><DD |
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228 ><P |
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229 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When |
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230 in force, it will cause the EXPORT directive to act as IMPORT if the symbol |
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231 to be exported is not defined. This is provided for compatibility with the |
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232 output of gcc6809 and should not be used in hand written code. Because of |
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233 the confusion this pragma can cause, it is disabled by default.</P |
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234 ></DD |
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235 ><DT |
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236 >undefextern</DT |
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237 ><DD |
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238 ><P |
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239 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in |
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240 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will |
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241 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will |
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242 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is |
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243 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising, |
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244 this pragma defaults to off.</P |
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245 ><P |
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246 >The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of |
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247 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate |
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248 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler |
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249 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source |
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250 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol |
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251 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an |
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252 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)</P |
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253 ><P |
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254 >This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects. |
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255 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient |
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256 for one or two files to use this pragma internally.</P |
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257 ></DD |
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258 ><DT |
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259 >export</DT |
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260 ><DD |
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261 ><P |
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262 >This pragma causes all symbols to be added to the export list |
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263 automatically. This is useful when a large number of symbols need to be |
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264 exported but you do not wish to include an EXPORT directive for all of them. |
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265 This is often useful on the command line but might be useful even inline |
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266 with the PRAGMA directive if a large number of symbols in a row are to be |
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267 exported.</P |
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268 ></DD |
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269 ><DT |
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270 >dollarlocal</DT |
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271 ><DD |
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272 ><P |
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273 >When set, a "$" in a symbol makes it local. When not set, "$" does not |
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274 cause a symbol to be local. It is set by default except when using the OS9 |
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275 target.</P |
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276 ></DD |
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277 ><DT |
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278 >dollarnotlocal</DT |
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279 ><DD |
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280 ><P |
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281 > This is the same as the "dollarlocal" pragma except its sense is |
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282 reversed. That is, "dollarlocal" and "nodollarnotlocal" are equivalent and |
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283 "nodollarlocal" and "dollarnotlocal" are equivalent. </P |
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284 ></DD |
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285 ><DT |
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286 >pcaspcr</DT |
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287 ><DD |
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288 ><P |
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289 > Normally, LWASM makes a distinction between PC and PCR in program |
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290 counter relative addressing. In particular, the use of PC means an absolute |
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291 offset from PC while PCR causes the assembler to calculate the offset to the |
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292 specified operand and use that as the offset from PC. By setting this |
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293 pragma, you can have PC treated the same as PCR. </P |
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294 ></DD |
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295 ><DT |
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296 >shadow</DT |
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297 ><DD |
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298 ><P |
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299 >When this pragma is in effect, it becomes possible to define a macro |
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300 that matches an internal operation code. Thus, it makes it possible to |
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301 redefine either CPU instructions or pseudo operations. Because this feature |
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302 is of dubious utility, it is disabled by default.</P |
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303 ></DD |
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304 ><DT |
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305 >nolist</DT |
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306 ><DD |
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307 ><P |
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308 >Lines where this pragma is in effect will not appear in the assembly |
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309 listing. Also, any symbols defined under this pragma will not show up in |
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310 the symbol list. This is most useful in include files to avoid spamming the |
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311 assembly listing with dozens, hundreds, or thousands of irrelevant |
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312 symbols.</P |
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313 ></DD |
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314 ><DT |
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315 >autobranchlength</DT |
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316 ><DD |
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317 ><P |
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318 >One of the perennial annoyances for 6809 programmers is that the |
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319 mneumonics for the short and long branch instructions are different (bxx vs. |
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320 lbxx), which is at odds with the rest of the instruction set. This pragma |
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321 is a solution to those annoying byte overflow errors that short branch |
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322 instructions tend to aquire.</P |
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323 ><P |
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324 >When this pragma is in effect, which is not the default, whenever any |
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325 relative branch instruction is used, its size will be automatically |
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326 determined based on the actual distance to the destination. In other words, |
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327 one can write code with long or short branches everywhere and the assembler |
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328 will choose a size for the branch.</P |
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329 ><P |
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330 >Also, while this pragma is in effect, the > and < symbols can be used |
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331 to force the branch size, analogous to their use for other instructions with |
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332 < forcing 8 bit offsets and > forcing 16 bit offets.</P |
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333 ><P |
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334 >Because this pragma leads to source that is incompatible with other |
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335 assemblers, it is strongly recommended that it be invoked using the PRAGMA |
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336 directive within the source code rather than on the command line or via the |
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337 *PRAGMA directive. This way, an error will be raised if someone tries to |
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338 assemble the code under a different assembler.</P |
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339 ></DD |
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340 ><DT |
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341 >nosymbolcase, symbolnocase</DT |
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342 ><DD |
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343 ><P |
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344 >Any symbol defined while this pragma is in force will be treated as |
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345 case insensitive, regardless whether the pragma is in force when the symbol |
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346 is referenced.</P |
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347 ><P |
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348 >It is important to note that this pragma will not work as expected in |
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349 all cases when using the object file assembly target. It is intended for |
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350 use only when the assembler will be producing the final binary.</P |
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351 ></DD |
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352 ><DT |
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353 >condundefzero</DT |
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354 ><DD |
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355 ><P |
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356 >This pragma will cause the assembler to change the way it handles |
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357 symbols in conditional expressions. Ordinarily, any symbol that is not |
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358 defined prior to the conditional will throw an undefined symbol error. With |
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359 this pragma in effect, symbols that are not yet defined at the point the |
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360 conditional is encountered will be treated as zero.</P |
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361 ><P |
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362 >This is not the default because it encourages poor code design. One |
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363 should use the "IFDEF" or "IFNDEF" conditionals to test for the presence of |
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364 a symbol.</P |
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365 ><P |
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366 >It is important to note that if a symbol is defined but it does not |
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367 yet evaluate to a constant value at the point where the conditional appears, |
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368 the assembler will still complain about a non constant condition.</P |
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369 ></DD |
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370 ><DT |
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371 >forwardrefmax</DT |
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372 ><DD |
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373 ><P |
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374 >This pragma will disable forward reference optimization completely. |
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375 Ordinarily, LWASM will attempt to select the shortest possible addressing |
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376 mode for forward references. However, in many source files, especially |
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377 those not using the PCR relative addressing modes, this optimization is |
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378 pointless since the assembler will almost certainly settle on a 16 bit |
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379 offset or address. If all variables in the direct page are defined before |
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380 the main body of the code, the benefit of forward reference optimization |
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381 almost certainly vanishes completely. However, the cost of doing that |
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382 optimization remains and can result in a very long assembly time.</P |
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383 ><P |
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384 >Enabling this pragma will cause all forward references to use the |
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385 maximum offset or address size, much the same has EDTASM and other pure |
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386 two pass assemblers do. The side effect is that all line lengths and |
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387 symbol values are fully resolved after the initial parsing pass and the |
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388 amount of work to resolve everything becomes almost nil.</P |
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389 ><P |
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390 >While this pragma can be applied selectively to sections of source |
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391 code (use *PRAGMA if doing so and compatibility with other assemblers |
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392 is desired), it is likely more useful when provided as a command line |
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393 pragma.</P |
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394 ><P |
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395 >It should be noted that the presence or absence of this pragma |
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396 will not change the correctness of the generated code unless cycle counts |
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397 or byte counts are critical (which they usually are not). It also will |
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398 not override the operand size override prefixes (< and >). It only |
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399 applies when the assembler is left to guess what the operand size is.</P |
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400 ></DD |
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401 ><DT |
455 | 402 >operandsizewarning</DT |
403 ><DD | |
404 ><P | |
405 >Enabling this pragma will cause LWASM to show a warning when it | |
406 detects that a smaller addressing mode could be used for an instruction. | |
407 This is particularly useful for finding places where long branches are used | |
408 where short branches could be used instead. It will also show the warnings | |
409 for indexing offsets (regardless of whether the operand size is | |
410 forced).</P | |
411 ><P | |
412 >As of LWASM 4.16, no other checks are performed.</P | |
413 ></DD | |
414 ><DT | |
394
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415 >qrts</DT |
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416 ><DD |
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417 ><P |
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418 > Enables the use of the ?RTS branch target. ?RTS is implemented to maintain |
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419 compatibility with the MACRO-80c assembler. It works by searching backward |
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420 in the code for an RTS instruction. If none is found, it inverts the branch |
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421 logic and inserts an RTS following the branch instruction. Below you can |
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422 see how a BMI (2B xx) has been assembled as a BPL *+1 (2A 01) to skip over an |
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423 inserted RTS (39).</P |
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424 ><PRE |
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425 CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" |
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426 >1D1E 7D1D1D TST WHICH1 |
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427 1D21 2A0139 BMI ?RTS |
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428 1D24 BD1D65 JSR INV</PRE |
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429 ></DD |
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430 ><DT |
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431 >m80ext</DT |
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432 ><DD |
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433 ><P |
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434 > This pragma (along with pragma qrts) enables some uncommon behaviors to |
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435 accomodate The Micro Works MACRO-80c assembler from 1982. This assembler |
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436 was used by a number of notable TRS-80 Color Computer applications and the |
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437 goal of this pragma is to allow them to build identical binaries from |
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438 unmodified, vintage source code.</P |
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439 ><P |
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440 > In m80ext mode, the handling of the "END" pseudo-op changes when used inside |
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441 an include file. Instead of terminating all assembly, it merely stops |
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442 processing of the current include file (this behavior matches the original |
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443 Motorola 6809 assembler). In addition, loading an ASCII value with a single |
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444 quote (e.g., LDA #'N) is extended to 16-bit registers (e.g., LDD #'NO). |
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445 LWASM normally supports this via double quote and that is the proper use in |
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446 modern code. Finally, the FCC pseudo-op is extended to handle FCB-like |
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447 behavior after the closing delimiter:</P |
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448 ><PRE |
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449 CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" |
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450 > FCC "Greetings from 1982",13,0</PRE |
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451 ></DD |
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452 ><DT |
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453 >testmode</DT |
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454 ><DD |
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455 ><P |
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456 > This pragma is intended for internal testing purposes. In testmode, the |
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457 assembler searches for a specially-formatted comment starting with a |
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458 semicolon followed by a period. Immediately afterward are a list of hex |
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459 bytes that the assembler is expected to generate. Likewise, if the |
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460 assembler is expected to throw an error or warning on a given line, you can |
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461 check by specifying "E:" followed by the error number. In this case the |
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462 error is ignored and the assembler continues ignoring the line in question. </P |
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463 ><PRE |
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464 CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" |
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465 >1D1E 7D1D1D TST WHICH1 ;.7d1d1d |
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466 1D21 2A0139 BMI ?RTS ;.2a0139 |
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467 1D24 1D24 FDB * ;.1d24 |
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468 1D26 xyz INV ;.E:32 (Error 32 is "Bad opcode")</PRE |
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469 ></DD |
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470 ></DL |
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471 ></DIV |
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472 ><P |
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473 >As a convenience, each input file has a pragma state stack. This |
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474 allows, through the use of *PRAGMAPUSH and *PRAGMAPOP, a file to change a |
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475 pragma state and then restore it to the precise state it had previously. |
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476 If, at the end of an input file, all pragma states have not been popped, |
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477 they will be removed from the stack. Thus, it is critical to employ |
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478 *PRAGMAPOP correctly. Because each input file has its own pragma stack, |
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479 using *PRAGMAPUSH in one file and *PRAGMAPOP in another file will not |
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480 work.</P |
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481 ><P |
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482 >Pragma stacks are more useful in include files, in particular in |
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483 conjunction with the nolist pragma. One can push the state of the nolist |
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484 pragma, engage the nolist pragma, and then pop the state of the nolist |
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485 pragma at the end of the include file. This will cause the entire include |
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486 file to operate under the nolist pragma. However, if the file is included |
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487 while nolist is already engaged, it will not undo that state.</P |
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488 ></DIV |
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489 ><DIV |
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490 CLASS="NAVFOOTER" |
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491 ><HR |
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492 ALIGN="LEFT" |
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493 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE |
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494 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" |
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495 WIDTH="100%" |
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496 BORDER="0" |
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497 CELLPADDING="0" |
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498 CELLSPACING="0" |
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499 ><TR |
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500 ><TD |
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501 WIDTH="33%" |
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502 ALIGN="left" |
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503 VALIGN="top" |
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504 ><A |
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505 HREF="x595.html" |
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506 ACCESSKEY="P" |
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507 >Prev</A |
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508 ></TD |
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509 ><TD |
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510 WIDTH="34%" |
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511 ALIGN="center" |
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512 VALIGN="top" |
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513 ><A |
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514 HREF="index.html" |
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515 ACCESSKEY="H" |
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516 >Home</A |
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517 ></TD |
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518 ><TD |
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519 WIDTH="33%" |
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520 ALIGN="right" |
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521 VALIGN="top" |
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522 ><A |
455 | 523 HREF="x800.html" |
394
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524 ACCESSKEY="N" |
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525 >Next</A |
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526 ></TD |
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527 ></TR |
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528 ><TR |
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529 ><TD |
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530 WIDTH="33%" |
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531 ALIGN="left" |
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532 VALIGN="top" |
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533 >Object Files and Sections</TD |
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534 ><TD |
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535 WIDTH="34%" |
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536 ALIGN="center" |
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537 VALIGN="top" |
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538 ><A |
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539 HREF="c62.html" |
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540 ACCESSKEY="U" |
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541 >Up</A |
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542 ></TD |
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543 ><TD |
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544 WIDTH="33%" |
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545 ALIGN="right" |
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546 VALIGN="top" |
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547 >Convenience Instructions</TD |
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548 ></TR |
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549 ></TABLE |
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550 ></DIV |
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551 ></BODY |
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552 ></HTML |
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553 > |