Mercurial > hg > index.cgi
annotate docs/manual/manual.html @ 153:83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
author | lost@l-w.ca |
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date | Sat, 27 Aug 2011 00:23:19 -0600 |
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children | 1e0a0e6cd918 |
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> |
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2 <HTML |
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3 ><HEAD |
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4 ><TITLE |
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5 >LW Tool Chain</TITLE |
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6 ><META |
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7 NAME="GENERATOR" |
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"></HEAD |
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9 ><BODY |
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10 CLASS="BOOK" |
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11 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" |
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12 TEXT="#000000" |
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13 LINK="#0000FF" |
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14 VLINK="#840084" |
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15 ALINK="#0000FF" |
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16 ><DIV |
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17 CLASS="BOOK" |
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18 ><A |
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19 NAME="AEN1" |
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20 ></A |
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21 ><DIV |
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22 CLASS="TITLEPAGE" |
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23 ><H1 |
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24 CLASS="TITLE" |
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25 ><A |
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26 NAME="AEN2" |
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27 >LW Tool Chain</A |
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28 ></H1 |
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29 ><H3 |
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30 CLASS="AUTHOR" |
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31 ><A |
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32 NAME="AEN4" |
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33 ></A |
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34 >William Astle</H3 |
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35 ><P |
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36 CLASS="COPYRIGHT" |
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37 >Copyright © 2009-2011 William Astle</P |
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38 ><HR></DIV |
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39 ><DIV |
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40 CLASS="TOC" |
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41 ><DL |
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42 ><DT |
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43 ><B |
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44 >Table of Contents</B |
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45 ></DT |
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46 ><DT |
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47 >1. <A |
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48 HREF="#AEN10" |
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49 >Introduction</A |
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50 ></DT |
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51 ><DD |
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52 ><DL |
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53 ><DT |
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54 >1.1. <A |
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55 HREF="#AEN13" |
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56 >History</A |
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57 ></DT |
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58 ></DL |
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59 ></DD |
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60 ><DT |
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61 >2. <A |
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62 HREF="#AEN18" |
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63 >Output Formats</A |
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64 ></DT |
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65 ><DD |
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66 ><DL |
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67 ><DT |
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68 >2.1. <A |
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69 HREF="#AEN21" |
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70 >Raw Binaries</A |
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71 ></DT |
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72 ><DT |
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73 >2.2. <A |
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74 HREF="#AEN24" |
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75 >DECB Binaries</A |
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76 ></DT |
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77 ><DT |
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78 >2.3. <A |
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79 HREF="#AEN29" |
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80 >OS9 Modules</A |
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81 ></DT |
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82 ><DT |
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83 >2.4. <A |
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84 HREF="#AEN37" |
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85 >Object Files</A |
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86 ></DT |
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87 ></DL |
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88 ></DD |
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89 ><DT |
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90 >3. <A |
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91 HREF="#AEN45" |
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92 >LWASM</A |
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93 ></DT |
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94 ><DD |
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95 ><DL |
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96 ><DT |
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97 >3.1. <A |
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98 HREF="#AEN48" |
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99 >Command Line Options</A |
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100 ></DT |
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101 ><DT |
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102 >3.2. <A |
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103 HREF="#AEN163" |
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104 >Dialects</A |
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105 ></DT |
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106 ><DT |
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107 >3.3. <A |
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108 HREF="#AEN170" |
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109 >Source Format</A |
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110 ></DT |
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111 ><DT |
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112 >3.4. <A |
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113 HREF="#AEN180" |
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114 >Symbols</A |
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115 ></DT |
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116 ><DT |
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117 >3.5. <A |
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118 HREF="#AEN185" |
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119 >Numbers and Expressions</A |
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120 ></DT |
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121 ><DT |
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122 >3.6. <A |
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123 HREF="#AEN193" |
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124 >Assembler Directives</A |
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125 ></DT |
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126 ><DD |
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127 ><DL |
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128 ><DT |
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129 >3.6.1. <A |
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130 HREF="#AEN196" |
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131 >Data Directives</A |
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132 ></DT |
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133 ><DT |
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134 >3.6.2. <A |
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135 HREF="#AEN299" |
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136 >Address Definition</A |
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137 ></DT |
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138 ><DT |
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139 >3.6.3. <A |
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140 HREF="#AEN346" |
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141 >Conditional Assembly</A |
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142 ></DT |
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143 ><DT |
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144 >3.6.4. <A |
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145 HREF="#AEN411" |
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146 >OS9 Target Directives</A |
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147 ></DT |
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148 ><DT |
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149 >3.6.5. <A |
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150 HREF="#AEN436" |
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151 >Miscelaneous Directives</A |
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152 ></DT |
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153 ></DL |
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154 ></DD |
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155 ><DT |
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156 >3.7. <A |
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157 HREF="#AEN476" |
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158 >Macros</A |
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159 ></DT |
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160 ><DT |
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161 >3.8. <A |
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162 HREF="#AEN499" |
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163 >Structures</A |
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164 ></DT |
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165 ><DT |
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166 >3.9. <A |
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167 HREF="#AEN520" |
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168 >Object Files and Sections</A |
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169 ></DT |
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170 ><DT |
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171 >3.10. <A |
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172 HREF="#AEN583" |
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173 >Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A |
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174 ></DT |
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175 ></DL |
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176 ></DD |
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177 ><DT |
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178 >4. <A |
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179 HREF="#AEN661" |
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180 >LWLINK</A |
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181 ></DT |
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182 ><DD |
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183 ><DL |
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184 ><DT |
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185 >4.1. <A |
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186 HREF="#AEN664" |
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187 >Command Line Options</A |
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188 ></DT |
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189 ><DT |
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190 >4.2. <A |
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191 HREF="#AEN761" |
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192 >Linker Operation</A |
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193 ></DT |
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194 ><DT |
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195 >4.3. <A |
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196 HREF="#AEN775" |
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197 >Linking Scripts</A |
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198 ></DT |
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199 ><DT |
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200 >4.4. <A |
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201 HREF="#AEN809" |
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202 >Format Specific Linking Notes</A |
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203 ></DT |
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204 ><DD |
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205 ><DL |
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206 ><DT |
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207 >4.4.1. <A |
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208 HREF="#AEN812" |
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209 >OS9 Modules</A |
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210 ></DT |
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211 ></DL |
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212 ></DD |
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213 ></DL |
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214 ></DD |
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215 ><DT |
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216 >5. <A |
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217 HREF="#AEN824" |
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218 >Libraries and LWAR</A |
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219 ></DT |
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220 ><DD |
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221 ><DL |
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222 ><DT |
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223 >5.1. <A |
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224 HREF="#AEN828" |
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225 >Command Line Options</A |
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226 ></DT |
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227 ></DL |
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228 ></DD |
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229 ><DT |
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230 >6. <A |
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231 HREF="#OBJCHAP" |
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232 >Object Files</A |
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233 ></DT |
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234 ></DL |
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235 ></DIV |
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236 ><DIV |
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237 CLASS="LOT" |
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238 ><DL |
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239 CLASS="LOT" |
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240 ><DT |
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241 ><B |
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242 >List of Tables</B |
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243 ></DT |
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244 ><DT |
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245 >6-1. <A |
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246 HREF="#AEN911" |
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247 >Object File Term Types</A |
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248 ></DT |
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249 ><DT |
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250 >6-2. <A |
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251 HREF="#AEN941" |
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252 >Object File Operator Numbers</A |
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253 ></DT |
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254 ></DL |
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255 ></DIV |
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256 ><DIV |
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257 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
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258 ><HR><H1 |
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259 ><A |
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260 NAME="AEN10" |
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261 ></A |
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262 >Chapter 1. Introduction</H1 |
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263 ><P |
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264 >The LW tool chain provides utilities for building binaries for MC6809 and |
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265 HD6309 CPUs. The tool chain includes a cross-assembler and a cross-linker |
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266 which support several styles of output.</P |
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267 ><DIV |
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268 CLASS="SECTION" |
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269 ><HR><H2 |
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270 CLASS="SECTION" |
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271 ><A |
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272 NAME="AEN13" |
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273 >1.1. History</A |
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274 ></H2 |
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275 ><P |
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276 >For a long time, I have had an interest in creating an operating system for |
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277 the Coco3. I finally started working on that project around the beginning of |
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278 2006. I had a number of assemblers I could choose from. Eventually, I settled |
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279 on one and started tinkering. After a while, I realized that assembler was not |
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280 going to be sufficient due to lack of macros and issues with forward references. |
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281 Then I tried another which handled forward references correctly but still did |
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282 not support macros. I looked around at other assemblers and they all lacked |
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283 one feature or another that I really wanted for creating my operating system.</P |
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284 ><P |
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285 >The solution seemed clear at that point. I am a fair programmer so I figured |
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286 I could write an assembler that would do everything I wanted an assembler to |
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287 do. Thus the LWASM probject was born. After more than two years of on and off |
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288 work, version 1.0 of LWASM was released in October of 2008.</P |
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289 ><P |
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290 >As the aforementioned operating system project progressed further, it became |
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291 clear that while assembling the whole project through a single file was doable, |
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292 it was not practical. When I found myself playing some fancy games with macros |
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293 in a bid to simulate sections, I realized I needed a means of assembling |
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294 source files separately and linking them later. This spawned a major development |
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295 effort to add an object file support to LWASM. It also spawned the LWLINK |
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296 project to provide a means to actually link the files.</P |
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297 ></DIV |
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298 ></DIV |
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299 ><DIV |
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300 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
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301 ><HR><H1 |
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302 ><A |
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303 NAME="AEN18" |
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304 ></A |
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305 >Chapter 2. Output Formats</H1 |
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306 ><P |
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307 >The LW tool chain supports multiple output formats. Each format has its |
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308 advantages and disadvantages. Each format is described below.</P |
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309 ><DIV |
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310 CLASS="SECTION" |
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311 ><HR><H2 |
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312 CLASS="SECTION" |
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313 ><A |
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314 NAME="AEN21" |
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315 >2.1. Raw Binaries</A |
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316 ></H2 |
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317 ><P |
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318 >A raw binary is simply a string of bytes. There are no headers or other |
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319 niceties. Both LWLINK and LWASM support generating raw binaries. ORG directives |
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320 in the source code only serve to set the addresses that will be used for |
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321 symbols but otherwise have no direct impact on the resulting binary.</P |
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322 ></DIV |
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323 ><DIV |
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324 CLASS="SECTION" |
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325 ><HR><H2 |
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326 CLASS="SECTION" |
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327 ><A |
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328 NAME="AEN24" |
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329 >2.2. DECB Binaries</A |
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330 ></H2 |
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331 ><P |
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332 >A DECB binary is compatible with the LOADM command in Disk Extended |
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333 Color Basic on the CoCo. They are also compatible with CLOADM from Extended |
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334 Color Basic. These binaries include the load address of the binary as well |
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335 as encoding an execution address. These binaries may contain multiple loadable |
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336 sections, each of which has its own load address.</P |
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337 ><P |
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338 >Each binary starts with a preamble. Each preamble is five bytes long. The |
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339 first byte is zero. The next two bytes specify the number of bytes to load |
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340 and the last two bytes specify the address to load the bytes at. Then, a |
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341 string of bytes follows. After this string of bytes, there may be another |
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342 preamble or a postamble. A postamble is also five bytes in length. The first |
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343 byte of the postamble is $FF, the next two are zero, and the last two are |
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344 the execution address for the binary.</P |
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345 ><P |
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346 >Both LWASM and LWLINK can output this format.</P |
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347 ></DIV |
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348 ><DIV |
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349 CLASS="SECTION" |
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350 ><HR><H2 |
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351 CLASS="SECTION" |
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352 ><A |
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353 NAME="AEN29" |
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354 >2.3. OS9 Modules</A |
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355 ></H2 |
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356 ><P |
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357 > Since version 2.5, LWASM is able to generate OS9 modules. The syntax is |
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358 basically the same as for other assemblers. A module starts with the MOD |
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359 directive and ends with the EMOD directive. The OS9 directive is provided |
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360 as a shortcut for writing system calls. </P |
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361 ><P |
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362 > LWASM does NOT provide an OS9Defs file. You must provide your own. Also note |
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363 that the common practice of using "ifp1" around the inclusion of the OS9Defs |
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364 file is discouraged as it is pointless and can lead to unintentional |
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365 problems and phasing errors. Because LWASM reads each file exactly once, |
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366 there is no benefit to restricting the inclusion to the first assembly pass. </P |
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367 ><P |
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368 > As of version 4.5, LWASM also implements the standard data/code address |
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369 streams for OS9 modules. That means that between MOD and EMOD, any RMB, |
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370 RMD, RMQ, or equivalent directives will move the data address ahead and |
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371 leave the code address unmodified. Outside of an actual module, both the |
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372 code and data addresses are moved ahead equally. That last bit is critical |
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373 to understand because it means any directives that follow an EMOD directive |
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374 may have different results than other assemblers. </P |
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375 ><P |
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376 > Additionally, within a module body, the ORG directive sets only the data |
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377 address, not the code address. However, outside a module body, ORG sets both |
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378 addresses. </P |
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379 ><P |
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380 >Both code and data addresses are reset to 0 by the MOD directive.</P |
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381 ><P |
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382 > As of version 4.5, LWLINK also supports creation of OS9 modules. </P |
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383 ></DIV |
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384 ><DIV |
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385 CLASS="SECTION" |
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386 ><HR><H2 |
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387 CLASS="SECTION" |
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388 ><A |
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389 NAME="AEN37" |
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390 >2.4. Object Files</A |
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391 ></H2 |
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392 ><P |
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393 >LWASM supports generating a proprietary object file format which is |
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394 described in <A |
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395 HREF="#OBJCHAP" |
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396 >Chapter 6</A |
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397 >. LWLINK is then used to link these |
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398 object files into a final binary in any of LWLINK's supported binary |
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399 formats.</P |
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400 ><P |
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401 >Object files also support the concept of sections which are not valid |
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402 for other output types. This allows related code from each object file |
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403 linked to be collapsed together in the final binary.</P |
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404 ><P |
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405 >Object files are very flexible in that they allow references that are not |
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406 known at assembly time to be resolved at link time. However, because the |
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407 addresses of such references are not known at assembly time, there is no way |
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408 for the assembler to deduce that an eight bit addressing mode is possible. |
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409 That means the assember will default to using sixteen bit addressing |
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410 whenever an external or cross-section reference is used.</P |
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411 ><P |
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412 >As of LWASM 2.4, it is possible to force direct page addressing for an |
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413 external reference. Care must be taken to ensure the resulting addresses |
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414 are really in the direct page since the linker does not know what the direct |
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415 page is supposed to be and does not emit errors for byte overflows.</P |
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416 ><P |
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417 >It is also possible to use external references in an eight bit immediate |
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418 mode instruction. In this case, only the low order eight bits will be used. |
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419 Again, no byte overflows will be flagged.</P |
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420 ></DIV |
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421 ></DIV |
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422 ><DIV |
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423 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
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424 ><HR><H1 |
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425 ><A |
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426 NAME="AEN45" |
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427 ></A |
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428 >Chapter 3. LWASM</H1 |
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429 ><P |
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430 >The LWTOOLS assembler is called LWASM. This chapter documents the various |
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431 features of the assembler. It is not, however, a tutorial on 6x09 assembly |
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432 language programming.</P |
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433 ><DIV |
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434 CLASS="SECTION" |
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435 ><HR><H2 |
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436 CLASS="SECTION" |
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437 ><A |
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438 NAME="AEN48" |
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439 >3.1. Command Line Options</A |
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440 ></H2 |
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441 ><P |
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442 >The binary for LWASM is called "lwasm". Note that the binary is in lower |
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443 case. lwasm takes the following command line arguments.</P |
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444 ><P |
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445 ></P |
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446 ><DIV |
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447 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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448 ><DL |
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449 ><DT |
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450 ><CODE |
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451 CLASS="OPTION" |
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452 >--6309</CODE |
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453 >, <CODE |
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454 CLASS="OPTION" |
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455 >-3</CODE |
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456 ></DT |
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457 ><DD |
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458 ><P |
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459 >This will cause the assembler to accept the additional instructions available |
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460 on the 6309 processor. This is the default mode; this option is provided for |
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461 completeness and to override preset command arguments.</P |
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462 ></DD |
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463 ><DT |
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464 ><CODE |
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465 CLASS="OPTION" |
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466 >--6809</CODE |
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467 >, <CODE |
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468 CLASS="OPTION" |
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469 >-9</CODE |
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470 ></DT |
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471 ><DD |
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472 ><P |
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473 >This will cause the assembler to reject instructions that are only available |
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474 on the 6309 processor.</P |
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475 ></DD |
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476 ><DT |
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477 ><CODE |
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478 CLASS="OPTION" |
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479 >--decb</CODE |
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480 >, <CODE |
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481 CLASS="OPTION" |
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482 >-b</CODE |
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483 ></DT |
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484 ><DD |
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485 ><P |
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486 >Select the DECB output format target. Equivalent to <CODE |
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487 CLASS="OPTION" |
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488 >--format=decb</CODE |
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489 >.</P |
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490 ><P |
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491 >While this is the default output format currently, it is not safe to rely |
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492 on that fact. Future versions may have different defaults. It is also trivial |
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493 to modify the source code to change the default. Thus, it is recommended to specify |
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494 this option if you need DECB output.</P |
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495 ></DD |
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496 ><DT |
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497 ><CODE |
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498 CLASS="OPTION" |
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499 >--format=type</CODE |
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500 >, <CODE |
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501 CLASS="OPTION" |
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502 >-f type</CODE |
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503 ></DT |
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504 ><DD |
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505 ><P |
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506 >Select the output format. Valid values are <CODE |
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507 CLASS="OPTION" |
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508 >obj</CODE |
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509 > for the |
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510 object file target, <CODE |
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511 CLASS="OPTION" |
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512 >decb</CODE |
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513 > for the DECB LOADM format, |
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514 <CODE |
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515 CLASS="OPTION" |
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516 >os9</CODE |
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517 > for creating OS9 modules, and <CODE |
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518 CLASS="OPTION" |
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519 >raw</CODE |
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520 > for |
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521 a raw binary.</P |
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522 ></DD |
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523 ><DT |
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524 ><CODE |
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525 CLASS="OPTION" |
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526 >--list[=file]</CODE |
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527 >, <CODE |
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528 CLASS="OPTION" |
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529 >-l[file]</CODE |
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530 ></DT |
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531 ><DD |
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532 ><P |
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533 >Cause LWASM to generate a listing. If <CODE |
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534 CLASS="OPTION" |
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535 >file</CODE |
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536 > is specified, |
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537 the listing will go to that file. Otherwise it will go to the standard output |
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538 stream. By default, no listing is generated. Unless <CODE |
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539 CLASS="OPTION" |
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540 >--symbols</CODE |
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541 > |
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542 is specified, the list will not include the symbol table.</P |
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543 ></DD |
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544 ><DT |
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545 ><CODE |
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546 CLASS="OPTION" |
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547 >--symbols</CODE |
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548 >, <CODE |
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549 CLASS="OPTION" |
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550 >-s</CODE |
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551 ></DT |
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552 ><DD |
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553 ><P |
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554 >Causes LWASM to generate a list of symbols when generating a listing. |
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555 It has no effect unless a listing is being generated.</P |
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556 ></DD |
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557 ><DT |
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558 ><CODE |
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559 CLASS="OPTION" |
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560 >--obj</CODE |
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561 ></DT |
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562 ><DD |
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563 ><P |
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564 >Select the proprietary object file format as the output target.</P |
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565 ></DD |
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566 ><DT |
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567 ><CODE |
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568 CLASS="OPTION" |
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569 >--output=FILE</CODE |
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570 >, <CODE |
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571 CLASS="OPTION" |
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572 >-o FILE</CODE |
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573 ></DT |
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574 ><DD |
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575 ><P |
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576 >This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the |
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577 default is <CODE |
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578 CLASS="OPTION" |
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579 >a.out</CODE |
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580 >.</P |
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581 ></DD |
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582 ><DT |
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583 ><CODE |
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584 CLASS="OPTION" |
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585 >--pragma=pragma</CODE |
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586 >, <CODE |
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587 CLASS="OPTION" |
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588 >-p pragma</CODE |
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589 ></DT |
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590 ><DD |
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591 ><P |
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592 >Specify assembler pragmas. Multiple pragmas are separated by commas. The |
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593 pragmas accepted are the same as for the PRAGMA assembler directive described |
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594 below.</P |
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595 ></DD |
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596 ><DT |
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597 ><CODE |
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598 CLASS="OPTION" |
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599 >--raw</CODE |
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600 >, <CODE |
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601 CLASS="OPTION" |
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602 >-r</CODE |
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603 ></DT |
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604 ><DD |
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605 ><P |
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606 >Select raw binary as the output target.</P |
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607 ></DD |
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608 ><DT |
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609 ><CODE |
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610 CLASS="OPTION" |
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611 >--includedir=path</CODE |
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612 >, <CODE |
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613 CLASS="OPTION" |
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614 >-I path</CODE |
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615 ></DT |
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616 ><DD |
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617 ><P |
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618 >Add <CODE |
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619 CLASS="OPTION" |
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620 >path</CODE |
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621 > to the end of the include path.</P |
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622 ></DD |
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623 ><DT |
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624 ><CODE |
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625 CLASS="OPTION" |
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626 >--help</CODE |
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627 >, <CODE |
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628 CLASS="OPTION" |
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629 >-?</CODE |
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630 ></DT |
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631 ><DD |
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632 ><P |
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633 >Present a help screen describing the command line options.</P |
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634 ></DD |
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635 ><DT |
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636 ><CODE |
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637 CLASS="OPTION" |
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638 >--usage</CODE |
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639 ></DT |
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640 ><DD |
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641 ><P |
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642 >Provide a summary of the command line options.</P |
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643 ></DD |
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644 ><DT |
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645 ><CODE |
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646 CLASS="OPTION" |
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647 >--version</CODE |
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648 >, <CODE |
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649 CLASS="OPTION" |
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650 >-V</CODE |
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651 ></DT |
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652 ><DD |
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653 ><P |
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654 >Display the software version.</P |
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655 ></DD |
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656 ><DT |
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657 ><CODE |
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658 CLASS="OPTION" |
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659 >--debug</CODE |
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660 >, <CODE |
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661 CLASS="OPTION" |
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662 >-d</CODE |
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663 ></DT |
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664 ><DD |
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665 ><P |
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666 >Increase the debugging level. Only really useful to people hacking on the |
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667 LWASM source code itself.</P |
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668 ></DD |
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669 ></DL |
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670 ></DIV |
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671 ></DIV |
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672 ><DIV |
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673 CLASS="SECTION" |
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674 ><HR><H2 |
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675 CLASS="SECTION" |
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676 ><A |
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677 NAME="AEN163" |
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678 >3.2. Dialects</A |
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679 ></H2 |
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680 ><P |
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681 >LWASM supports all documented MC6809 instructions as defined by Motorola. |
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682 It also supports all known HD6309 instructions. While there is general |
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683 agreement on the pneumonics for most of the 6309 instructions, there is some |
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684 variance with the block transfer instructions. TFM for all four variations |
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685 seems to have gained the most traction and, thus, this is the form that is |
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686 recommended for LWASM. However, it also supports COPY, COPY-, IMP, EXP, |
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687 TFRP, TFRM, TFRS, and TFRR. It further adds COPY+ as a synomym for COPY, |
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688 IMPLODE for IMP, and EXPAND for EXP.</P |
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689 ><P |
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690 >By default, LWASM accepts 6309 instructions. However, using the |
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691 <CODE |
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692 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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693 >--6809</CODE |
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694 > parameter, you can cause it to throw errors on |
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695 6309 instructions instead.</P |
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696 ><P |
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697 >The standard addressing mode specifiers are supported. These are the |
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698 hash sign ("#") for immediate mode, the less than sign ("<") for forced |
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699 eight bit modes, and the greater than sign (">") for forced sixteen bit modes.</P |
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700 ><P |
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701 >Additionally, LWASM supports using the asterisk ("*") to indicate |
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702 base page addressing. This should not be used in hand-written source code, |
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703 however, because it is non-standard and may or may not be present in future |
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704 versions of LWASM.</P |
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705 ></DIV |
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706 ><DIV |
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707 CLASS="SECTION" |
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708 ><HR><H2 |
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709 CLASS="SECTION" |
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710 ><A |
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|
711 NAME="AEN170" |
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712 >3.3. Source Format</A |
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713 ></H2 |
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714 ><P |
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715 >LWASM accepts plain text files in a relatively free form. It can handle |
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716 lines terminated with CR, LF, CRLF, or LFCR which means it should be able |
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717 to assemble files on any platform on which it compiles.</P |
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718 ><P |
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719 >Each line may start with a symbol. If a symbol is present, there must not |
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720 be any whitespace preceding it. It is legal for a line to contain nothing |
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|
721 but a symbol.</P |
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722 ><P |
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723 >The op code is separated from the symbol by whitespace. If there is |
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724 no symbol, there must be at least one white space character preceding it. |
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725 If applicable, the operand follows separated by whitespace. Following the |
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726 opcode and operand is an optional comment.</P |
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727 ><P |
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728 > It is important to note that operands cannot contain any whitespace |
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729 except in the case of delimited strings. This is because the first |
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730 whitespace character will be interpreted as the separator between the |
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731 operand column and the comment. This behaviour is required for approximate |
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732 source compatibility with other 6x09 assemblers. </P |
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733 ><P |
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734 >A comment can also be introduced with a * or a ;. The comment character is |
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735 optional for end of statement comments. However, if a symbol is the only |
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|
736 thing present on the line other than the comment, the comment character is |
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|
737 mandatory to prevent the assembler from interpreting the comment as an opcode.</P |
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738 ><P |
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739 >For compatibility with the output generated by some C preprocessors, LWASM |
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740 will also ignore lines that begin with a #. This should not be used as a general |
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741 comment character, however.</P |
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742 ><P |
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743 >The opcode is not treated case sensitively. Neither are register names in |
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744 the operand fields. Symbols, however, are case sensitive.</P |
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745 ><P |
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746 > As of version 2.6, LWASM supports files with line numbers. If line |
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747 numbers are present, the line must start with a digit. The line number |
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748 itself must consist only of digits. The line number must then be followed |
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749 by either the end of the line or exactly one white space character. After |
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750 that white space character, the lines are interpreted exactly as above. </P |
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751 ></DIV |
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|
752 ><DIV |
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|
753 CLASS="SECTION" |
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754 ><HR><H2 |
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755 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
756 ><A |
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|
757 NAME="AEN180" |
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758 >3.4. Symbols</A |
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759 ></H2 |
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760 ><P |
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761 >Symbols have no length restriction. They may contain letters, numbers, dots, |
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762 dollar signs, and underscores. They must start with a letter, dot, or |
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763 underscore.</P |
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764 ><P |
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765 >LWASM also supports the concept of a local symbol. A local symbol is one |
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766 which contains either a "?" or a "@", which can appear anywhere in the symbol. |
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767 The scope of a local symbol is determined by a number of factors. First, |
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768 each included file gets its own local symbol scope. A blank line will also |
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|
769 be considered a local scope barrier. Macros each have their own local symbol |
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770 scope as well (which has a side effect that you cannot use a local symbol |
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|
771 as an argument to a macro). There are other factors as well. In general, |
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772 a local symbol is restricted to the block of code it is defined within.</P |
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773 ><P |
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774 >By default, unless assembling to the os9 target, a "$" in the symbol will |
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775 also make it local. This can be controlled by the "dollarlocal" and |
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776 "nodollarlocal" pragmas. In the absence of a pragma to the contrary, for |
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777 the os9 target, a "$" in the symbol will not make it considered local while |
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778 for all other targets it will.</P |
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779 ></DIV |
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780 ><DIV |
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781 CLASS="SECTION" |
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782 ><HR><H2 |
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783 CLASS="SECTION" |
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784 ><A |
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785 NAME="AEN185" |
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786 >3.5. Numbers and Expressions</A |
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787 ></H2 |
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788 ><P |
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789 > Numbers can be expressed in binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal. Binary |
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790 numbers may be prefixed with a "%" symbol or suffixed with a "b" or "B". |
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791 Octal numbers may be prefixed with "@" or suffixed with "Q", "q", "O", or |
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792 "o". Hexadecimal numbers may be prefixed with "$", "0x" or "0X", or suffixed |
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793 with "H". No prefix or suffix is required for decimal numbers but they can |
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794 be prefixed with "&" if desired. Any constant which begins with a letter |
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795 must be expressed with the correct prefix base identifier or be prefixed |
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|
796 with a 0. Thus hexadecimal FF would have to be written either 0FFH or $FF. |
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|
797 Numbers are not case sensitive. </P |
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798 ><P |
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799 > A symbol may appear at any point where a number is acceptable. The |
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800 special symbol "*" can be used to represent the starting address of the |
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|
801 current source line within expressions. </P |
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802 ><P |
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803 >The ASCII value of a character can be included by prefixing it with a |
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804 single quote ('). The ASCII values of two characters can be included by |
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805 prefixing the characters with a quote (").</P |
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806 ><P |
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807 > LWASM supports the following basic binary operators: +, -, *, /, and %. |
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808 These represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and |
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|
809 modulus. It also supports unary negation and unary 1's complement (- and ^ |
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810 respectively). It is also possible to use ~ for the unary 1's complement |
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811 operator. For completeness, a unary positive (+) is supported though it is |
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812 a no-op. LWASM also supports using |, &, and ^ for bitwise or, bitwise and, |
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|
813 and bitwise exclusive or respectively. </P |
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|
814 ><P |
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|
815 > Operator precedence follows the usual rules. Multiplication, division, and |
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|
816 modulus take precedence over addition and subtraction. Unary operators take |
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817 precedence over binary operators. Bitwise operators are lower precdence |
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818 than addition and subtraction. To force a specific order of evaluation, |
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819 parentheses can be used in the usual manner. </P |
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820 ><P |
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821 > As of LWASM 2.5, the operators && and || are recognized for boolean and and |
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822 boolean or respectively. They will return either 0 or 1 (false or true). |
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823 They have the lowest precedence of all the binary operators. </P |
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824 ></DIV |
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825 ><DIV |
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826 CLASS="SECTION" |
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827 ><HR><H2 |
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828 CLASS="SECTION" |
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829 ><A |
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830 NAME="AEN193" |
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831 >3.6. Assembler Directives</A |
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832 ></H2 |
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833 ><P |
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834 >Various directives can be used to control the behaviour of the |
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835 assembler or to include non-code/data in the resulting output. Those directives |
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836 that are not described in detail in other sections of this document are |
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|
837 described below.</P |
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|
838 ><DIV |
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|
839 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
840 ><HR><H3 |
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|
841 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
842 ><A |
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|
843 NAME="AEN196" |
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844 >3.6.1. Data Directives</A |
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845 ></H3 |
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846 ><P |
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847 ></P |
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|
848 ><DIV |
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|
849 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
850 ><DL |
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|
851 ><DT |
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|
852 >FCB <CODE |
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|
853 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
854 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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|
855 >, .DB <CODE |
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|
856 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
857 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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858 >, .BYTE <CODE |
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859 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
860 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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|
861 ></DT |
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862 ><DD |
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863 ><P |
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864 >Include one or more constant bytes (separated by commas) in the output.</P |
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865 ></DD |
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866 ><DT |
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|
867 >FDB <CODE |
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|
868 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
869 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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|
870 >, .DW <CODE |
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|
871 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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872 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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873 >, .WORD <CODE |
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|
874 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
875 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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|
876 ></DT |
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|
877 ><DD |
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|
878 ><P |
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|
879 >Include one or more words (separated by commas) in the output.</P |
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|
880 ></DD |
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|
881 ><DT |
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|
882 >FQB <CODE |
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|
883 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
884 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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|
885 >, .QUAD <CODE |
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|
886 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
887 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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888 >, .4BYTE <CODE |
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889 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
890 >expr[,...]</CODE |
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|
891 ></DT |
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|
892 ><DD |
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|
893 ><P |
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894 >Include one or more double words (separated by commas) in the output.</P |
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895 ></DD |
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896 ><DT |
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|
897 >FCC <CODE |
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|
898 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
899 >string</CODE |
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|
900 >, .ASCII <CODE |
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901 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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902 >string</CODE |
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903 >, .STR <CODE |
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|
904 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
905 >string</CODE |
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|
906 ></DT |
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|
907 ><DD |
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908 ><P |
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909 >Include a string of text in the output. The first character of the operand |
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910 is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and cannot appear |
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911 within the string. The string is included with no modifications></P |
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912 ></DD |
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913 ><DT |
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|
914 >FCN <CODE |
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|
915 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
916 >string</CODE |
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|
917 >, .ASCIZ <CODE |
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|
918 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
919 >string</CODE |
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920 >, .STRZ <CODE |
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|
921 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
922 >string</CODE |
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|
923 ></DT |
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|
924 ><DD |
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925 ><P |
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926 >Include a NUL terminated string of text in the output. The first character of |
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927 the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and |
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|
928 cannot appear within the string. A NUL byte is automatically appended to |
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|
929 the string.</P |
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930 ></DD |
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931 ><DT |
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|
932 >FCS <CODE |
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|
933 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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934 >string</CODE |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
935 >, .ASCIS <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
936 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
937 >string</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
938 >, .STRS <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
939 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
940 >string</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
941 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
942 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
943 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
944 >Include a string of text in the output with bit 7 of the final byte set. The |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
945 first character of the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
946 character and cannot appear within the string.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
947 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
948 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
949 >ZMB <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
950 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
951 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
952 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
953 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
954 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
955 >Include a number of NUL bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
956 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
957 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
958 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
959 >ZMD <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
960 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
961 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
962 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
963 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
964 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
965 >Include a number of zero words in the output. The number must be fully |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
966 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
967 permitted.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
968 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
969 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
970 >ZMQ <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
971 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
972 >expr<CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
973 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
974 ></CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
975 ></CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
976 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
977 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
978 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
979 >Include a number of zero double-words in the output. The number must be fully |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
980 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
981 permitted.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
982 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
983 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
984 >RMB <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
985 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
986 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
987 >, .BLKB <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
988 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
989 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
990 >, .DS <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
991 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
992 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
993 >, .RS <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
994 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
995 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
996 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
997 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
998 ><P |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
999 >Reserve a number of bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1000 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1001 The value of the bytes is undefined.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1002 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1003 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1004 >RMD <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1005 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1006 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1007 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1008 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1009 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1010 >Reserve a number of words in the output. The number must be fully |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1011 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1012 permitted. The value of the words is undefined.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1013 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1014 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1015 >RMQ <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1016 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1017 >expr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1018 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1019 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1020 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1021 >Reserve a number of double-words in the output. The number must be fully |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1022 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1023 permitted. The value of the double-words is undefined.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1024 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1025 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1026 >INCLUDEBIN <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1027 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1028 >filename</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1029 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1030 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1031 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1032 >Treat the contents of <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1033 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1034 >filename</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1035 > as a string of bytes to |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1036 be included literally at the current assembly point. This has the same effect |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1037 as converting the file contents to a series of FCB statements and including |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1038 those at the current assembly point.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1039 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1040 > If <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1041 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1042 >filename</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
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|
1043 > beings with a /, the file name |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1044 will be taken as absolute. Otherwise, the current directory will be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1045 searched followed by the search path in the order specified.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1046 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1047 > Please note that absolute path detection including drive letters will |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1048 not function correctly on Windows platforms. Non-absolute inclusion will |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1049 work, however.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1050 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1051 ></DL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1052 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1053 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1054 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1055 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1056 ><HR><H3 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1057 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1058 ><A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1059 NAME="AEN299" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1060 >3.6.2. Address Definition</A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1061 ></H3 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
1062 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1063 >The directives in this section all control the addresses of symbols |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1064 or the assembly process itself.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1065 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1066 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1067 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1068 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1069 ><DL |
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1070 ><DT |
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1071 >ORG <CODE |
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|
1072 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1073 >expr</CODE |
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1074 ></DT |
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1075 ><DD |
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1076 ><P |
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|
1077 >Set the assembly address. The address must be fully resolvable on the |
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1078 first pass so no external or forward references are permitted. ORG is not |
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1079 permitted within sections when outputting to object files. For the DECB |
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1080 target, each ORG directive after which output is generated will cause |
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1081 a new preamble to be output. ORG is only used to determine the addresses |
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1082 of symbols when the raw target is used.</P |
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1083 ></DD |
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1084 ><DT |
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1085 ><CODE |
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1086 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1087 >sym</CODE |
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1088 > EQU <CODE |
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1089 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1090 >expr</CODE |
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1091 >, <CODE |
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1092 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1093 >sym</CODE |
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1094 > = <CODE |
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|
1095 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1096 >expr</CODE |
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1097 ></DT |
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1098 ><DD |
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1099 ><P |
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1100 >Define the value of <CODE |
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1101 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1102 >sym</CODE |
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1103 > to be <CODE |
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|
1104 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1105 >expr</CODE |
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1106 >.</P |
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1107 ></DD |
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1108 ><DT |
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1109 ><CODE |
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|
1110 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1111 >sym</CODE |
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|
1112 > SET <CODE |
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|
1113 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1114 >expr</CODE |
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1115 ></DT |
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1116 ><DD |
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1117 ><P |
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1118 >Define the value of <CODE |
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|
1119 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1120 >sym</CODE |
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1121 > to be <CODE |
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1122 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1123 >expr</CODE |
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1124 >. |
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1125 Unlike EQU, SET permits symbols to be defined multiple times as long as SET |
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1126 is used for all instances. Use of the symbol before the first SET statement |
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|
1127 that sets its value is undefined.</P |
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1128 ></DD |
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1129 ><DT |
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1130 >SETDP <CODE |
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1131 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1132 >expr</CODE |
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1133 ></DT |
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1134 ><DD |
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1135 ><P |
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1136 >Inform the assembler that it can assume the DP register contains |
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1137 <CODE |
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1138 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1139 >expr</CODE |
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1140 >. This directive is only advice to the assembler |
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1141 to determine whether an address is in the direct page and has no effect |
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1142 on the contents of the DP register. The value must be fully resolved during |
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1143 the first assembly pass because it affects the sizes of subsequent instructions.</P |
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1144 ><P |
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1145 >This directive has no effect in the object file target.</P |
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1146 ></DD |
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|
1147 ><DT |
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|
1148 >ALIGN <CODE |
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|
1149 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1150 >expr</CODE |
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|
1151 >[,<CODE |
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|
1152 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1153 >value</CODE |
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|
1154 >]</DT |
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|
1155 ><DD |
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|
1156 ><P |
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1157 >Force the current assembly address to be a multiple of |
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|
1158 <CODE |
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|
1159 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1160 >expr</CODE |
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|
1161 >. If <CODE |
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|
1162 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1163 >value</CODE |
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|
1164 > is not |
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1165 specified, a series of NUL bytes is output to force the alignment, if |
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1166 required. Otherwise, the low order 8 bits of <CODE |
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1167 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1168 >value</CODE |
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1169 > |
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1170 will be used as the fill. The alignment value must be fully resolved on the |
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1171 first pass because it affects the addresses of subsquent instructions. |
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1172 However, <CODE |
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|
1173 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1174 >value</CODE |
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|
1175 > may include forward references; as |
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1176 long as it resolves to a constant for the second pass, the value will be |
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1177 accepted.</P |
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1178 ><P |
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1179 >Unless <CODE |
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1180 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1181 >value</CODE |
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1182 > is specified as something like $12, |
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1183 this directive is not suitable for inclusion in the middle of actual code. |
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1184 The default padding value is $00 which is intended to be used within data |
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1185 blocks. </P |
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1186 ></DD |
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1187 ></DL |
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1188 ></DIV |
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1189 ></DIV |
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|
1190 ><DIV |
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|
1191 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1192 ><HR><H3 |
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1193 CLASS="SECTION" |
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1194 ><A |
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|
1195 NAME="AEN346" |
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1196 >3.6.3. Conditional Assembly</A |
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|
1197 ></H3 |
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1198 ><P |
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1199 >Portions of the source code can be excluded or included based on conditions |
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1200 known at assembly time. Conditionals can be nested arbitrarily deeply. The |
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1201 directives associated with conditional assembly are described in this section.</P |
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|
1202 ><P |
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1203 >All conditionals must be fully bracketed. That is, every conditional |
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1204 statement must eventually be followed by an ENDC at the same level of nesting.</P |
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1205 ><P |
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|
1206 >Conditional expressions are only evaluated on the first assembly pass. |
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|
1207 It is not possible to game the assembly process by having a conditional |
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1208 change its value between assembly passes. Due to the underlying architecture |
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1209 of LWASM, there is no possible utility to IFP1 and IFP2, nor can they, as of LWASM 3.0, actually |
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|
1210 be implemented meaningfully. Thus there is not and never will |
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|
1211 be any equivalent of IFP1 or IFP2 as provided by other assemblers. Use of those opcodes |
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1212 will throw a warning and be ignored.</P |
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1213 ><P |
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1214 >It is important to note that if a conditional does not resolve to a constant |
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1215 during the first parsing pass, an error will be thrown. This is unavoidable because the assembler |
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1216 must make a decision about which source to include and which source to exclude at this stage. |
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1217 Thus, expressions that work normally elsewhere will not work for conditions.</P |
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|
1218 ><P |
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|
1219 ></P |
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|
1220 ><DIV |
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|
1221 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
1222 ><DL |
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1223 ><DT |
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1224 >IFEQ <CODE |
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|
1225 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1226 >expr</CODE |
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|
1227 ></DT |
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|
1228 ><DD |
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1229 ><P |
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1230 >If <CODE |
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|
1231 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1232 >expr</CODE |
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|
1233 > evaluates to zero, the conditional |
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|
1234 will be considered true.</P |
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|
1235 ></DD |
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|
1236 ><DT |
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|
1237 >IFNE <CODE |
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|
1238 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1239 >expr</CODE |
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|
1240 >, IF <CODE |
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|
1241 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1242 >expr</CODE |
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|
1243 ></DT |
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|
1244 ><DD |
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|
1245 ><P |
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|
1246 >If <CODE |
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|
1247 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1248 >expr</CODE |
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|
1249 > evaluates to a non-zero value, the conditional |
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|
1250 will be considered true.</P |
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|
1251 ></DD |
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|
1252 ><DT |
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|
1253 >IFGT <CODE |
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|
1254 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1255 >expr</CODE |
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|
1256 ></DT |
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|
1257 ><DD |
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|
1258 ><P |
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|
1259 >If <CODE |
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|
1260 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1261 >expr</CODE |
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|
1262 > evaluates to a value greater than zero, the conditional |
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|
1263 will be considered true.</P |
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|
1264 ></DD |
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|
1265 ><DT |
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|
1266 >IFGE <CODE |
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|
1267 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1268 >expr</CODE |
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|
1269 ></DT |
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|
1270 ><DD |
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|
1271 ><P |
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|
1272 >If <CODE |
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|
1273 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1274 >expr</CODE |
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|
1275 > evaluates to a value greater than or equal to zero, the conditional |
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parents:
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|
1276 will be considered true.</P |
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|
1277 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
1278 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
1279 >IFLT <CODE |
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|
1280 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1281 >expr</CODE |
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|
1282 ></DT |
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|
1283 ><DD |
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|
1284 ><P |
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|
1285 >If <CODE |
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|
1286 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1287 >expr</CODE |
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|
1288 > evaluates to a value less than zero, the conditional |
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|
1289 will be considered true.</P |
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|
1290 ></DD |
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|
1291 ><DT |
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|
1292 >IFLE <CODE |
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|
1293 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1294 >expr</CODE |
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|
1295 ></DT |
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|
1296 ><DD |
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|
1297 ><P |
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|
1298 >If <CODE |
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|
1299 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1300 >expr</CODE |
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|
1301 > evaluates to a value less than or equal to zero , the conditional |
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|
1302 will be considered true.</P |
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1303 ></DD |
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|
1304 ><DT |
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|
1305 >IFDEF <CODE |
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|
1306 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1307 >sym</CODE |
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1308 ></DT |
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|
1309 ><DD |
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1310 ><P |
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1311 >If <CODE |
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|
1312 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1313 >sym</CODE |
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1314 > is defined at this point in the assembly |
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1315 process, the conditional |
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1316 will be considered true.</P |
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1317 ></DD |
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1318 ><DT |
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1319 >IFNDEF <CODE |
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1320 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1321 >sym</CODE |
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1322 ></DT |
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1323 ><DD |
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1324 ><P |
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1325 >If <CODE |
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|
1326 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1327 >sym</CODE |
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1328 > is not defined at this point in the assembly |
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1329 process, the conditional |
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1330 will be considered true.</P |
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|
1331 ></DD |
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1332 ><DT |
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1333 >ELSE</DT |
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|
1334 ><DD |
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1335 ><P |
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1336 >If the preceding conditional at the same level of nesting was false, the |
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1337 statements following will be assembled. If the preceding conditional at |
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1338 the same level was true, the statements following will not be assembled. |
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1339 Note that the preceding conditional might have been another ELSE statement |
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|
1340 although this behaviour is not guaranteed to be supported in future versions |
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|
1341 of LWASM.</P |
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|
1342 ></DD |
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|
1343 ><DT |
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|
1344 >ENDC</DT |
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|
1345 ><DD |
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|
1346 ><P |
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|
1347 >This directive marks the end of a conditional construct. Every conditional |
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1348 construct must end with an ENDC directive.</P |
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|
1349 ></DD |
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|
1350 ></DL |
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|
1351 ></DIV |
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|
1352 ></DIV |
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|
1353 ><DIV |
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|
1354 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1355 ><HR><H3 |
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|
1356 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1357 ><A |
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|
1358 NAME="AEN411" |
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|
1359 >3.6.4. OS9 Target Directives</A |
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1360 ></H3 |
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1361 ><P |
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1362 >This section includes directives that apply solely to the OS9 |
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|
1363 target.</P |
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|
1364 ><P |
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|
1365 ></P |
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|
1366 ><DIV |
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|
1367 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
1368 ><DL |
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|
1369 ><DT |
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|
1370 >OS9 <CODE |
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|
1371 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1372 >syscall</CODE |
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|
1373 ></DT |
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|
1374 ><DD |
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|
1375 ><P |
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|
1376 > This directive generates a call to the specified system call. <CODE |
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|
1377 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1378 >syscall</CODE |
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|
1379 > may be an arbitrary expression. </P |
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|
1380 ></DD |
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|
1381 ><DT |
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|
1382 >MOD <CODE |
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|
1383 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1384 >size</CODE |
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|
1385 >,<CODE |
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|
1386 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1387 >name</CODE |
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|
1388 >,<CODE |
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|
1389 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1390 >type</CODE |
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|
1391 >,<CODE |
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|
1392 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1393 >flags</CODE |
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|
1394 >,<CODE |
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|
1395 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1396 >execoff</CODE |
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|
1397 >,<CODE |
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|
1398 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1399 >datasize</CODE |
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|
1400 ></DT |
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|
1401 ><DD |
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|
1402 ><P |
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|
1403 > This tells LWASM that the beginning of the actual module is here. It will |
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1404 generate a module header based on the parameters specified. It will also |
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|
1405 begin calcuating the module CRC. </P |
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|
1406 ><P |
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|
1407 > The precise meaning of the various parameters is beyond the scope of this |
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|
1408 document since it is not a tutorial on OS9 module programming. </P |
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|
1409 ></DD |
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|
1410 ><DT |
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|
1411 >EMOD</DT |
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|
1412 ><DD |
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|
1413 ><P |
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|
1414 > This marks the end of a module and causes LWASM to emit the calculated CRC |
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|
1415 for the module. </P |
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|
1416 ></DD |
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|
1417 ></DL |
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|
1418 ></DIV |
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|
1419 ></DIV |
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|
1420 ><DIV |
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|
1421 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1422 ><HR><H3 |
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|
1423 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1424 ><A |
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|
1425 NAME="AEN436" |
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|
1426 >3.6.5. Miscelaneous Directives</A |
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|
1427 ></H3 |
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|
1428 ><P |
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|
1429 >This section includes directives that do not fit into the other |
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|
1430 categories.</P |
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|
1431 ><P |
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|
1432 ></P |
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|
1433 ><DIV |
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|
1434 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
1435 ><DL |
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|
1436 ><DT |
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|
1437 >INCLUDE <CODE |
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|
1438 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1439 >filename</CODE |
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|
1440 >, USE <CODE |
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|
1441 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1442 >filename</CODE |
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|
1443 ></DT |
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|
1444 ><DD |
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|
1445 ><P |
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|
1446 > Include the contents of <CODE |
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|
1447 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1448 >filename</CODE |
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|
1449 > at |
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|
1450 this point in the assembly as though it were a part of the file currently |
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|
1451 being processed. Note that if whitespace appears in the name of the file, |
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|
1452 you must enclose <CODE |
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|
1453 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1454 >filename</CODE |
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|
1455 > in quotes.</P |
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|
1456 ><P |
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|
1457 >Note that the USE variation is provided only for compatibility with other |
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|
1458 assemblers. It is recommended to use the INCLUDE variation.</P |
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|
1459 ><P |
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|
1460 >If <CODE |
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|
1461 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1462 >filename</CODE |
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|
1463 > begins with a "/", it is |
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|
1464 interpreted as an absolute path. If it does not, the search path will be used |
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|
1465 to find the file. First, the directory containing the file that contains this |
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|
1466 directive. (Includes within an included file are relative to the included file, |
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|
1467 not the file that included it.) If the file is not found there, the include path |
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|
1468 is searched. If it is still not found, an error will be thrown. Note that the |
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|
1469 current directory as understood by your shell or operating system is not searched.</P |
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|
1470 ></DD |
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1471 ><DT |
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1472 >END <CODE |
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1473 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1474 >[expr]</CODE |
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1475 ></DT |
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1476 ><DD |
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1477 ><P |
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1478 >This directive causes the assembler to stop assembling immediately as though |
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1479 it ran out of input. For the DECB target only, <CODE |
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|
1480 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1481 >expr</CODE |
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1482 > |
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1483 can be used to set the execution address of the resulting binary. For all |
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1484 other targets, specifying <CODE |
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|
1485 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1486 >expr</CODE |
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1487 > will cause an error.</P |
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1488 ></DD |
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1489 ><DT |
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1490 >ERROR <CODE |
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1491 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1492 >string</CODE |
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1493 ></DT |
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1494 ><DD |
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1495 ><P |
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1496 >Causes a custom error message to be printed at this line. This will cause |
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1497 assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs |
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1498 to cause assembly to fail if some condition that is known bad happens. Everything |
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1499 from the directive to the end of the line is considered the error message.</P |
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1500 ></DD |
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1501 ><DT |
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1502 >WARNING <CODE |
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1503 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1504 >string</CODE |
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1505 ></DT |
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1506 ><DD |
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1507 ><P |
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1508 >Causes a custom warning message to be printed at this line. This will not cause |
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1509 assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs |
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1510 or include files to alert the programmer to a deprecated feature being used |
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1511 or some other condition that may cause trouble later, but which may, in fact, |
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1512 not cause any trouble.</P |
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1513 ></DD |
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1514 ><DT |
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1515 >.MODULE <CODE |
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1516 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1517 >string</CODE |
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|
1518 ></DT |
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|
1519 ><DD |
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1520 ><P |
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1521 >This directive is ignored for most output targets. If the output target |
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1522 supports encoding a module name into it, <CODE |
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|
1523 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1524 >string</CODE |
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|
1525 > |
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1526 will be used as the module name.</P |
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|
1527 ><P |
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1528 >As of version 3.0, no supported output targets support this directive.</P |
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1529 ></DD |
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1530 ></DL |
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1531 ></DIV |
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1532 ></DIV |
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1533 ></DIV |
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|
1534 ><DIV |
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|
1535 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1536 ><HR><H2 |
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|
1537 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1538 ><A |
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1539 NAME="AEN476" |
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|
1540 >3.7. Macros</A |
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|
1541 ></H2 |
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1542 ><P |
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1543 >LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a |
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1544 series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other |
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1545 assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding |
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|
1546 additional assembler directives.</P |
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|
1547 ><P |
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1548 >Macros may accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within a |
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1549 macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first |
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1550 through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the |
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1551 decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). The special expansion "\*" |
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|
1552 translates to the exact parameter string, including all parameters, passed |
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|
1553 to the macro. These parameter references are replaced with the verbatim text |
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|
1554 of the parameter passed to the macro. A reference to a non-existent |
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|
1555 parameter will be replaced by an empty string. Macro parameters are expanded |
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|
1556 everywhere on each source line. That means the parameter to a macro could be |
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|
1557 used as a symbol or it could even appear in a comment or could cause an |
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|
1558 entire source line to be commented out when the macro is expanded. </P |
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|
1559 ><P |
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1560 >Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list |
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|
1561 is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace |
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|
1562 may be included in a macro parameter.</P |
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|
1563 ><P |
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1564 >Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are |
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|
1565 expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler |
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|
1566 hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be |
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|
1567 the reason.</P |
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|
1568 ><P |
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1569 >Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not |
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|
1570 inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context |
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1571 the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols |
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|
1572 within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or |
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|
1573 outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol |
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|
1574 as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do |
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1575 as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context |
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|
1576 rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either |
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|
1577 an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results.</P |
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|
1578 ><P |
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|
1579 >Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All |
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|
1580 macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate |
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|
1581 namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name |
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1582 as a macro.</P |
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1583 ><P |
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1584 >Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also |
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|
1585 only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro |
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|
1586 definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used.</P |
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|
1587 ><P |
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|
1588 >The following directives are used when defining macros.</P |
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|
1589 ><P |
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|
1590 ></P |
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|
1591 ><DIV |
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|
1592 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
1593 ><DL |
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|
1594 ><DT |
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|
1595 ><CODE |
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|
1596 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1597 >macroname</CODE |
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|
1598 > MACRO [NOEXPAND]</DT |
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|
1599 ><DD |
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|
1600 ><P |
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1601 >This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called |
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|
1602 <CODE |
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|
1603 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1604 >macroname</CODE |
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1605 >. If <CODE |
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1606 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1607 >macroname</CODE |
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1608 > already |
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|
1609 exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a |
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1610 macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not |
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|
1611 be relied upon.</P |
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|
1612 ><P |
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1613 >If NOEXPAND is specified, the macro will not be expanded in a program |
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1614 listing. Instead, all bytes emitted by all instructions within the macro |
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1615 will appear to be emitted on the line where the macro is invoked, starting |
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1616 at the address of the line of the invokation. If the macro uses ORG or other |
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|
1617 directives that define symbols or change the assembly address, these things |
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1618 will also be hidden (except in the symbol table) and the output bytes will |
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1619 appear with incorrect address attribution. Thus, NOEXPAND should only be |
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1620 used for macros that do not mess with the assembly address or otherwise |
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|
1621 define symbols that should be visible.</P |
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1622 ></DD |
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1623 ><DT |
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1624 >ENDM</DT |
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1625 ><DD |
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1626 ><P |
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1627 >This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It |
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1628 causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal.</P |
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1629 ></DD |
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1630 ></DL |
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1631 ></DIV |
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1632 ></DIV |
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1633 ><DIV |
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|
1634 CLASS="SECTION" |
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1635 ><HR><H2 |
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|
1636 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1637 ><A |
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|
1638 NAME="AEN499" |
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1639 >3.8. Structures</A |
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1640 ></H2 |
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|
1641 ><P |
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1642 > Structures are used to group related data in a fixed structure. A structure |
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1643 consists a number of fields, defined in sequential order and which take up |
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1644 specified size. The assembler does not enforce any means of access within a |
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1645 structure; it assumes that whatever you are doing, you intended to do. |
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1646 There are two pseudo ops that are used for defining structures. </P |
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1647 ><P |
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1648 ></P |
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|
1649 ><DIV |
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1650 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
1651 ><DL |
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|
1652 ><DT |
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|
1653 ><CODE |
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|
1654 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1655 >structname</CODE |
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|
1656 > STRUCT</DT |
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|
1657 ><DD |
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1658 ><P |
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1659 > This directive is used to begin the definition of a structure with name |
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|
1660 <CODE |
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|
1661 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1662 >structname</CODE |
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1663 >. Subsequent statements all form part of |
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1664 the structure definition until the end of the structure is declared. </P |
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1665 ></DD |
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|
1666 ><DT |
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1667 >ENDSTRUCT, ENDS</DT |
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|
1668 ><DD |
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|
1669 ><P |
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1670 >This directive ends the definition of the structure. ENDSTRUCT is the |
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1671 preferred form. Prior to version 3.0 of LWASM, ENDS was used to end a |
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1672 section instead of a structure.</P |
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1673 ></DD |
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1674 ></DL |
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1675 ></DIV |
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|
1676 ><P |
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1677 > Within a structure definition, only reservation pseudo ops are permitted. |
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1678 Anything else will cause an assembly error.</P |
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|
1679 ><P |
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1680 > Once a structure is defined, you can reserve an area of memory in the |
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|
1681 same structure by using the structure name as the opcode. Structures can |
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|
1682 also contain fields that are themselves structures. See the example |
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|
1683 below.</P |
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1684 ><PRE |
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|
1685 CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" |
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|
1686 >tstruct2 STRUCT |
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|
1687 f1 rmb 1 |
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|
1688 f2 rmb 1 |
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|
1689 ENDSTRUCT |
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|
1690 |
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1691 tstruct STRUCT |
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|
1692 field1 rmb 2 |
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|
1693 field2 rmb 3 |
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1694 field3 tstruct2 |
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1695 ENDSTRUCT |
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|
1696 |
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|
1697 ORG $2000 |
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|
1698 var1 tstruct |
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|
1699 var2 tstruct2</PRE |
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1700 ><P |
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1701 >Fields are referenced using a dot (.) as a separator. To refer to the |
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1702 generic offset within a structure, use the structure name to the left of the |
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1703 dot. If referring to a field within an actual variable, use the variable's |
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1704 symbol name to the left of the dot.</P |
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1705 ><P |
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1706 >You can also refer to the actual size of a structure (or a variable |
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|
1707 declared as a structure) using the special symbol sizeof{structname} where |
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1708 structname will be the name of the structure or the name of the |
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1709 variable.</P |
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1710 ><P |
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1711 >Essentially, structures are a shortcut for defining a vast number of |
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1712 symbols. When a structure is defined, the assembler creates symbols for the |
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1713 various fields in the form structname.fieldname as well as the appropriate |
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1714 sizeof{structname} symbol. When a variable is declared as a structure, the |
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|
1715 assembler does the same thing using the name of the variable. You will see |
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|
1716 these symbols in the symbol table when the assembler is instructed to |
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1717 provide a listing. For instance, the above listing will create the |
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1718 following symbols (symbol values in parentheses): tstruct2.f1 (0), |
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1719 tstruct2.f2 (1), sizeof{tstruct2} (2), tstruct.field1 (0), tstruct.field2 |
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1720 (2), tstruct.field3 (5), tstruct.field3.f1 (5), tstruct.field3.f2 (6), |
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1721 sizeof{tstruct.field3} (2), sizeof{tstruct} (7), var1 {$2000}, var1.field1 |
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1722 {$2000}, var1.field2 {$2002}, var1.field3 {$2005}, var1.field3.f1 {$2005}, |
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1723 var1.field3.f2 {$2006}, sizeof(var1.field3} (2), sizeof{var1} (7), var2 |
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1724 ($2007), var2.f1 ($2007), var2.f2 ($2008), sizeof{var2} (2). </P |
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1725 ></DIV |
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1726 ><DIV |
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|
1727 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1728 ><HR><H2 |
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1729 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
1730 ><A |
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|
1731 NAME="AEN520" |
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|
1732 >3.9. Object Files and Sections</A |
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|
1733 ></H2 |
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|
1734 ><P |
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|
1735 >The object file target is very useful for large project because it allows |
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|
1736 multiple files to be assembled independently and then linked into the final |
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|
1737 binary at a later time. It allows only the small portion of the project |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
1738 that was modified to be re-assembled rather than requiring the entire set |
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1739 of source code to be available to the assembler in a single assembly process. |
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|
1740 This can be particularly important if there are a large number of macros, |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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1741 symbol definitions, or other metadata that uses resources at assembly time. |
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1742 By far the largest benefit, however, is keeping the source files small enough |
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1743 for a mere mortal to find things in them.</P |
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|
1744 ><P |
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1745 >With multi-file projects, there needs to be a means of resolving references to |
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|
1746 symbols in other source files. These are known as external references. The |
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1747 addresses of these symbols cannot be known until the linker joins all the |
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1748 object files into a single binary. This means that the assembler must be |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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1749 able to output the object code without knowing the value of the symbol. This |
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1750 places some restrictions on the code generated by the assembler. For |
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1751 example, the assembler cannot generate direct page addressing for instructions |
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1752 that reference external symbols because the address of the symbol may not |
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1753 be in the direct page. Similarly, relative branches and PC relative addressing |
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1754 cannot be used in their eight bit forms. Everything that must be resolved |
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1755 by the linker must be assembled to use the largest address size possible to |
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1756 allow the linker to fill in the correct value at link time. Note that the |
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1757 same problem applies to absolute address references as well, even those in |
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1758 the same source file, because the address is not known until link time.</P |
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1759 ><P |
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1760 >It is often desired in multi-file projects to have code of various types grouped |
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|
1761 together in the final binary generated by the linker as well. The same applies |
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1762 to data. In order for the linker to do that, the bits that are to be grouped |
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1763 must be tagged in some manner. This is where the concept of sections comes in. |
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1764 Each chunk of code or data is part of a section in the object file. Then, |
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|
1765 when the linker reads all the object files, it coalesces all sections of the |
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1766 same name into a single section and then considers it as a unit.</P |
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1767 ><P |
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1768 >The existence of sections, however, raises a problem for symbols even |
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|
1769 within the same source file. Thus, the assembler must treat symbols from |
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|
1770 different sections within the same source file in the same manner as external |
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|
1771 symbols. That is, it must leave them for the linker to resolve at link time, |
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|
1772 with all the limitations that entails.</P |
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|
1773 ><P |
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|
1774 >In the object file target mode, LWASM requires all source lines that |
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|
1775 cause bytes to be output to be inside a section. Any directives that do |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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1776 not cause any bytes to be output can appear outside of a section. This includes |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
1777 such things as EQU or RMB. Even ORG can appear outside a section. ORG, however, |
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|
1778 makes no sense within a section because it is the linker that determines |
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1779 the starting address of the section's code, not the assembler.</P |
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|
1780 ><P |
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1781 >All symbols defined globally in the assembly process are local to the |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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1782 source file and cannot be exported. All symbols defined within a section are |
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1783 considered local to the source file unless otherwise explicitly exported. |
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1784 Symbols referenced from external source files must be declared external, |
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1785 either explicitly or by asking the assembler to assume that all undefined |
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1786 symbols are external.</P |
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1787 ><P |
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1788 >It is often handy to define a number of memory addresses that will be |
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|
1789 used for data at run-time but which need not be included in the binary file. |
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|
1790 These memory addresses are not initialized until run-time, either by the |
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1791 program itself or by the program loader, depending on the operating environment. |
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1792 Such sections are often known as BSS sections. LWASM supports generating |
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|
1793 sections with a BSS attribute set which causes the section definition including |
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|
1794 symbols exported from that section and those symbols required to resolve |
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1795 references from the local file, but with no actual code in the object file. |
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1796 It is illegal for any source lines within a BSS flagged section to cause any |
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|
1797 bytes to be output.</P |
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|
1798 ><P |
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1799 >The following directives apply to section handling.</P |
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|
1800 ><P |
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|
1801 ></P |
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|
1802 ><DIV |
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|
1803 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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|
1804 ><DL |
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|
1805 ><DT |
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|
1806 >SECTION <CODE |
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|
1807 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1808 >name[,flags]</CODE |
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1809 >, SECT <CODE |
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|
1810 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1811 >name[,flags]</CODE |
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1812 >, .AREA <CODE |
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1813 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1814 >name[,flags]</CODE |
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|
1815 ></DT |
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|
1816 ><DD |
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|
1817 ><P |
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1818 >Instructs the assembler that the code following this directive is to be |
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1819 considered part of the section <CODE |
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1820 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1821 >name</CODE |
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1822 >. A section name |
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1823 may appear multiple times in which case it is as though all the code from |
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1824 all the instances of that section appeared adjacent within the source file. |
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1825 However, <CODE |
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|
1826 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1827 >flags</CODE |
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|
1828 > may only be specified on the first |
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|
1829 instance of the section.</P |
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|
1830 ><P |
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1831 >There is a single flag supported in <CODE |
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|
1832 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1833 >flags</CODE |
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|
1834 >. The |
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|
1835 flag <CODE |
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|
1836 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1837 >bss</CODE |
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1838 > will cause the section to be treated as a BSS |
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1839 section and, thus, no code will be included in the object file nor will any |
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1840 bytes be permitted to be output.</P |
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|
1841 ><P |
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1842 >If the section name is "bss" or ".bss" in any combination of upper and |
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1843 lower case, the section is assumed to be a BSS section. In that case, |
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|
1844 the flag <CODE |
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|
1845 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
1846 >!bss</CODE |
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1847 > can be used to override this assumption.</P |
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1848 ><P |
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|
1849 >If assembly is already happening within a section, the section is implicitly |
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|
1850 ended and the new section started. This is not considered an error although |
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|
1851 it is recommended that all sections be explicitly closed.</P |
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|
1852 ></DD |
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|
1853 ><DT |
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1854 >ENDSECTION, ENDSECT</DT |
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1855 ><DD |
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1856 ><P |
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1857 >This directive ends the current section. This puts assembly outside of any |
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1858 sections until the next SECTION directive. ENDSECTION is the preferred form. |
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1859 Prior to version 3.0 of LWASM, ENDS could also be used to end a section but |
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1860 as of version 3.0, it is now an alias for ENDSTRUCT instead.</P |
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1861 ></DD |
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1862 ><DT |
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1863 ><CODE |
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1864 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1865 >sym</CODE |
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1866 > EXTERN, <CODE |
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1867 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1868 >sym</CODE |
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1869 > EXTERNAL, <CODE |
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1870 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1871 >sym</CODE |
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1872 > IMPORT</DT |
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1873 ><DD |
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1874 ><P |
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1875 >This directive defines <CODE |
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1876 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1877 >sym</CODE |
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1878 > as an external symbol. |
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1879 This directive may occur at any point in the source code. EXTERN definitions |
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1880 are resolved on the first pass so an EXTERN definition anywhere in the |
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1881 source file is valid for the entire file. The use of this directive is |
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1882 optional when the assembler is instructed to assume that all undefined |
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1883 symbols are external. In fact, in that mode, if the symbol is referenced |
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1884 before the EXTERN directive, an error will occur.</P |
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1885 ></DD |
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1886 ><DT |
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1887 ><CODE |
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1888 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1889 >sym</CODE |
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1890 > EXPORT, <CODE |
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1891 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1892 >sym</CODE |
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1893 > .GLOBL, EXPORT <CODE |
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1894 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1895 >sym</CODE |
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1896 >, .GLOBL <CODE |
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1897 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1898 >sym</CODE |
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1899 ></DT |
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1900 ><DD |
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1901 ><P |
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1902 >This directive defines <CODE |
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1903 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1904 >sym</CODE |
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1905 > as an exported symbol. |
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1906 This directive may occur at any point in the source code, even before the |
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1907 definition of the exported symbol.</P |
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1908 ><P |
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1909 >Note that <CODE |
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1910 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1911 >sym</CODE |
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1912 > may appear as the operand or as the |
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1913 statement's symbol. If there is a symbol on the statement, that will |
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1914 take precedence over any operand that is present.</P |
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1915 ></DD |
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1916 ><DT |
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1917 ><CODE |
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1918 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1919 >sym</CODE |
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1920 > EXTDEP</DT |
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1921 ><DD |
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1922 ><P |
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1923 >This directive forces an external dependency on |
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1924 <CODE |
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1925 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1926 >sym</CODE |
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1927 >, even if it is never referenced anywhere else in |
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1928 this file.</P |
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1929 ></DD |
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1930 ></DL |
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1931 ></DIV |
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1932 ></DIV |
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1933 ><DIV |
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1934 CLASS="SECTION" |
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1935 ><HR><H2 |
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1936 CLASS="SECTION" |
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1937 ><A |
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1938 NAME="AEN583" |
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1939 >3.10. Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A |
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1940 ></H2 |
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1941 ><P |
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1942 >There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed. |
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1943 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because |
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1944 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include |
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1945 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during |
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1946 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition, |
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1947 not portable between assemblers.</P |
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1948 ><P |
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1949 >LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or |
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1950 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by |
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1951 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives |
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1952 are as follows.</P |
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1953 ><P |
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1954 ></P |
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1955 ><DIV |
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1956 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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1957 ><DL |
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1958 ><DT |
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1959 >PRAGMA <CODE |
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1960 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1961 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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1962 ></DT |
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1963 ><DD |
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1964 ><P |
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1965 >Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <CODE |
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1966 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1967 >pragma</CODE |
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1968 >s |
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1969 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new |
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1970 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when |
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1971 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.</P |
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1972 ></DD |
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1973 ><DT |
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1974 >*PRAGMA <CODE |
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1975 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1976 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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1977 ></DT |
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1978 ><DD |
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1979 ><P |
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1980 >This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with |
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1981 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting |
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1982 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not |
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1983 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required |
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1984 for correct functioning of the code.</P |
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1985 ></DD |
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1986 ><DT |
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1987 >*PRAGMAPUSH <CODE |
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1988 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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1989 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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1990 ></DT |
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1991 ><DD |
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1992 ><P |
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1993 >This directive saves the current state of the specified pragma(s) for later retrieval. See discussion below for more information.</P |
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1994 ><P |
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1995 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P |
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1996 ></DD |
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1997 ><DT |
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1998 >*PRAGMAPOP <CODE |
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1999 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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2000 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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2001 ></DT |
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2002 ><DD |
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2003 ><P |
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2004 >This directive restores the previously saved state of the specified pragma(s). See discussion below for more information.</P |
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2005 ><P |
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2006 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P |
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2007 ></DD |
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2008 ></DL |
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2009 ></DIV |
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2010 ><P |
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2011 >Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version. |
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2012 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables |
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2013 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed |
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2014 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". Only the positive version is |
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|
2015 listed below.</P |
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2016 ><P |
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2017 >Pragmas are not case sensitive.</P |
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2018 ><P |
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2019 ></P |
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2020 ><DIV |
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2021 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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2022 ><DL |
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2023 ><DT |
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2024 >index0tonone</DT |
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2025 ><DD |
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|
2026 ><P |
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2027 >When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing |
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|
2028 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is |
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|
2029 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent |
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|
2030 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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2031 of this optimization, it is enabled by default.</P |
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|
2032 ></DD |
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|
2033 ><DT |
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|
2034 >cescapes</DT |
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|
2035 ><DD |
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|
2036 ><P |
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|
2037 >This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2038 have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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changeset
|
2039 spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2040 immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2041 on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.</P |
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|
2042 ></DD |
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|
2043 ><DT |
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|
2044 >importundefexport</DT |
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|
2045 ><DD |
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|
2046 ><P |
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|
2047 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2048 in force, it will cause the EXPORT directive to act as IMPORT if the symbol |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2049 to be exported is not defined. This is provided for compatibility with the |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2050 output of gcc6809 and should not be used in hand written code. Because of |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2051 the confusion this pragma can cause, it is disabled by default.</P |
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|
2052 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2053 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2054 >undefextern</DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2055 ><DD |
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|
2056 ><P |
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|
2057 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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changeset
|
2058 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2059 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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changeset
|
2060 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2061 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising, |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2062 this pragma defaults to off.</P |
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parents:
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|
2063 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2064 >The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2065 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate |
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|
2066 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2067 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2068 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
changeset
|
2069 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2070 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)</P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2071 ><P |
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|
2072 >This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects. |
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|
2073 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2074 for one or two files to use this pragma internally.</P |
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|
2075 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2076 ><DT |
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|
2077 >dollarlocal</DT |
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diff
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|
2078 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
2079 ><P |
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|
2080 >When set, a "$" in a symbol makes it local. When not set, "$" does not |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2081 cause a symbol to be local. It is set by default except when using the OS9 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2082 target.</P |
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parents:
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|
2083 ></DD |
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|
2084 ><DT |
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|
2085 >dollarnotlocal</DT |
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diff
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|
2086 ><DD |
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|
2087 ><P |
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diff
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|
2088 > This is the same as the "dollarlocal" pragma except its sense is |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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changeset
|
2089 reversed. That is, "dollarlocal" and "nodollarnotlocal" are equivalent and |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2090 "nodollarlocal" and "dollarnotlocal" are equivalent. </P |
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|
2091 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2092 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2093 >pcaspcr</DT |
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|
2094 ><DD |
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diff
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|
2095 ><P |
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|
2096 > Normally, LWASM makes a distinction between PC and PCR in program |
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|
2097 counter relative addressing. In particular, the use of PC means an absolute |
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diff
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|
2098 offset from PC while PCR causes the assembler to calculate the offset to the |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2099 specified operand and use that as the offset from PC. By setting this |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
2100 pragma, you can have PC treated the same as PCR. </P |
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|
2101 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2102 ><DT |
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diff
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|
2103 >shadow</DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2104 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2105 ><P |
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|
2106 >When this pragma is in effect, it becomes possible to define a macro |
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|
2107 that matches an internal operation code. Thus, it makes it possible to |
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parents:
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|
2108 redefine either CPU instructions or pseudo operations. Because this feature |
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|
2109 is of dubious utility, it is disabled by default.</P |
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|
2110 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2111 ><DT |
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diff
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|
2112 >nolist</DT |
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diff
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|
2113 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2114 ><P |
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|
2115 >Lines where this pragma is in effect will not appear in the assembly |
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|
2116 listing. Also, any symbols defined under this pragma will not show up in |
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2117 the symbol list. This is most useful in include files to avoid spamming the |
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2118 assembly listing with dozens, hundreds, or thousands of irrelevant |
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|
2119 symbols.</P |
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|
2120 ></DD |
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|
2121 ><DT |
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|
2122 >autobranchlength</DT |
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|
2123 ><DD |
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|
2124 ><P |
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|
2125 >One of the perennial annoyances for 6809 programmers is that the |
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2126 mneumonics for the short and long branch instructions are different (bxx vs. |
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2127 lbxx), which is at odds with the rest of the instruction set. This pragma |
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2128 is a solution to those annoying byte overflow errors that short branch |
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|
2129 instructions tend to aquire.</P |
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|
2130 ><P |
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2131 >When this pragma is in effect, which is not the default, whenever any |
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2132 relative branch instruction is used, its size will be automatically |
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2133 determined based on the actual distance to the destination. In other words, |
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2134 one can write code with long or short branches everywhere and the assembler |
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|
2135 will choose a size for the branch.</P |
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|
2136 ><P |
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2137 >Also, while this pragma is in effect, the > and < symbols can be used |
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2138 to force the branch size, analogous to their use for other instructions with |
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2139 < forcing 8 bit offsets and > forcing 16 bit offets.</P |
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2140 ><P |
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2141 >Because this pragma leads to source that is incompatible with other |
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2142 assemblers, it is strongly recommended that it be invoked using the PRAGMA |
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2143 directive within the source code rather than on the command line or via the |
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2144 *PRAGMA directive. This way, an error will be raised if someone tries to |
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2145 * assemble the code under a different assembler.</P |
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|
2146 ></DD |
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|
2147 ></DL |
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|
2148 ></DIV |
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|
2149 ><P |
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|
2150 >As a convenience, each input file has a pragma state stack. This |
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2151 allows, through the use of *PRAGMAPUSH and *PRAGMAPOP, a file to change a |
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|
2152 pragma state and then restore it to the precise state it had previously. |
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|
2153 If, at the end of an input file, all pragma states have not been popped, |
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|
2154 they will be removed from the stack. Thus, it is critical to employ |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2155 *PRAGMAPOP correctly. Because each input file has its own pragma stack, |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2156 using *PRAGMAPUSH in one file and *PRAGMAPOP in another file will not |
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parents:
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|
2157 work.</P |
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parents:
diff
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|
2158 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2159 >Pragma stacks are more useful in include files, in particular in |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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changeset
|
2160 conjunction with the nolist pragma. One can push the state of the nolist |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2161 pragma, engage the nolist pragma, and then pop the state of the nolist |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2162 pragma at the end of the include file. This will cause the entire include |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2163 file to operate under the nolist pragma. However, if the file is included |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2164 while nolist is already engaged, it will not undo that state.</P |
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|
2165 ></DIV |
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|
2166 ></DIV |
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|
2167 ><DIV |
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|
2168 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
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|
2169 ><HR><H1 |
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|
2170 ><A |
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|
2171 NAME="AEN661" |
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|
2172 ></A |
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|
2173 >Chapter 4. LWLINK</H1 |
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|
2174 ><P |
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|
2175 >The LWTOOLS linker is called LWLINK. This chapter documents the various features |
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parents:
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|
2176 of the linker.</P |
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parents:
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|
2177 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
2178 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
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|
2179 ><HR><H2 |
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parents:
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|
2180 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
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|
2181 ><A |
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parents:
diff
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|
2182 NAME="AEN664" |
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parents:
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|
2183 >4.1. Command Line Options</A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
2184 ></H2 |
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parents:
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|
2185 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2186 >The binary for LWLINK is called "lwlink". Note that the binary is in lower |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2187 case. lwlink takes the following command line arguments.</P |
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parents:
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|
2188 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2189 ></P |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2190 ><DIV |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2191 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2192 ><DL |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2193 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2194 ><CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
2195 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
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|
2196 >--decb</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2197 >, <CODE |
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parents:
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|
2198 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
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|
2199 >-b</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
2200 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2201 ><DD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2202 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2203 >Selects the DECB output format target. This is equivalent to <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2204 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
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|
2205 >--format=decb</CODE |
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parents:
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|
2206 ></P |
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parents:
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|
2207 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2208 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2209 ><CODE |
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parents:
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|
2210 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
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|
2211 >--output=FILE</CODE |
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parents:
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|
2212 >, <CODE |
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parents:
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|
2213 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
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|
2214 >-o FILE</CODE |
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parents:
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|
2215 ></DT |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2216 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
2217 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2218 >This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the |
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parents:
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|
2219 default is <CODE |
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parents:
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|
2220 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
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|
2221 >a.out</CODE |
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parents:
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|
2222 >.</P |
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parents:
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|
2223 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2224 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2225 ><CODE |
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parents:
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|
2226 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
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|
2227 >--format=TYPE</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
2228 >, <CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
2229 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
diff
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|
2230 >-f TYPE</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
2231 ></DT |
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parents:
diff
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|
2232 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
2233 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2234 >This option specifies the output format. Valid values are <CODE |
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parents:
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|
2235 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2236 >decb</CODE |
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parents:
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|
2237 > |
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parents:
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|
2238 and <CODE |
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parents:
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|
2239 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2240 >raw</CODE |
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parents:
diff
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|
2241 ></P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2242 ></DD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2243 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2244 ><CODE |
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parents:
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|
2245 CLASS="OPTION" |
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parents:
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|
2246 >--raw</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2247 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2248 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2249 >-r</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2250 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2251 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2252 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2253 >This option specifies the raw output format. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2254 It is equivalent to <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2255 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2256 >--format=raw</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2257 > |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2258 and <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2259 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2260 >-f raw</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2261 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2262 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2263 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2264 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2265 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2266 >--script=FILE</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2267 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2268 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2269 >-s</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2270 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2271 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2272 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2273 >This option allows specifying a linking script to override the linker's |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2274 built in defaults.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2275 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2276 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2277 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2278 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2279 >--section-base=SECT=BASE</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2280 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2281 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2282 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2283 >Cause section SECT to load at base address BASE. This will be prepended |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2284 to the built-in link script. It is ignored if a link script is provided.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2285 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2286 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2287 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2288 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2289 >--map=FILE</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2290 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2291 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2292 >-m FILE</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2293 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2294 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2295 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2296 >This will output a description of the link result to FILE.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2297 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2298 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2299 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2300 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2301 >--library=LIBSPEC</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2302 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2303 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2304 >-l LIBSPEC</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2305 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2306 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2307 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2308 >Load a library using the library search path. LIBSPEC will have "lib" prepended |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2309 and ".a" appended.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2310 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2311 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2312 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2313 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2314 >--library-path=DIR</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2315 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2316 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2317 >-L DIR</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2318 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2319 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2320 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2321 >Add DIR to the library search path.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2322 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2323 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2324 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2325 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2326 >--debug</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2327 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2328 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2329 >-d</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2330 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2331 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2332 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2333 >This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2334 developers.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2335 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2336 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2337 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2338 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2339 >--help</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2340 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2341 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2342 >-?</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2343 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2344 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2345 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2346 >This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2347 of each.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2348 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2349 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2350 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2351 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2352 >--usage</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2353 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2354 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2355 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2356 >This will display a usage summary |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2357 of each command line option.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2358 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2359 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2360 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2361 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2362 >--version</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2363 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2364 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2365 >-V</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2366 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2367 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2368 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2369 >This will display the version of LWLINK.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2370 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2371 ></DL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2372 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2373 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2374 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2375 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2376 ><HR><H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2377 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2378 ><A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2379 NAME="AEN761" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2380 >4.2. Linker Operation</A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2381 ></H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2382 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2383 > LWLINK takes one or more files in supported input formats and links them |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2384 into a single binary. Currently supported formats are the LWTOOLS object |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2385 file format and the archive format used by LWAR. While the precise method is |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2386 slightly different, linking can be conceptualized as the following steps. </P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2387 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2388 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2389 ><OL |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2390 TYPE="1" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2391 ><LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2392 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2393 >First, the linker loads a linking script. If no script is specified, it |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2394 loads a built-in default script based on the output format selected. This |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2395 script tells the linker how to lay out the various sections in the final |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2396 binary.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2397 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2398 ><LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2399 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2400 >Next, the linker reads all the input files into memory. At this time, it |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2401 flags any format errors in those files. It constructs a table of symbols |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2402 for each object at this time.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2403 ></LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2404 ><LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2405 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2406 >The linker then proceeds with organizing the sections loaded from each file |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2407 according to the linking script. As it does so, it is able to assign addresses |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2408 to each symbol defined in each object file. At this time, the linker may |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2409 also collapse different instances of the same section name into a single |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2410 section by appending the data from each subsequent instance of the section |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2411 to the first instance of the section.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2412 ></LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2413 ><LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2414 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2415 >Next, the linker looks through every object file for every incomplete reference. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2416 It then attempts to fully resolve that reference. If it cannot do so, it |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2417 throws an error. Once a reference is resolved, the value is placed into |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2418 the binary code at the specified section. It should be noted that an |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2419 incomplete reference can reference either a symbol internal to the object |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2420 file or an external symbol which is in the export list of another object |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2421 file.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2422 ></LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2423 ><LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2424 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2425 >If all of the above steps are successful, the linker opens the output file |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2426 and actually constructs the binary.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2427 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2428 ></OL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2429 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2430 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2431 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2432 ><HR><H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2433 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2434 ><A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2435 NAME="AEN775" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2436 >4.3. Linking Scripts</A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2437 ></H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2438 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2439 >A linker script is used to instruct the linker about how to assemble the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2440 various sections into a completed binary. It consists of a series of |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2441 directives which are considered in the order they are encountered.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2442 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2443 >The sections will appear in the resulting binary in the order they are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2444 specified in the script file. If a referenced section is not found, the linker will behave as though the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2445 section did exist but had a zero size, no relocations, and no exports. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2446 A section should only be referenced once. Any subsequent references will have |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2447 an undefined effect.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2448 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2449 >All numbers are in linking scripts are specified in hexadecimal. All directives |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2450 are case sensitive although the hexadecimal numbers are not.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2451 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2452 >A section name can be specified as a "*", then any section not |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2453 already matched by the script will be matched. The "*" can be followed |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2454 by a comma and a flag to narrow the section down slightly, also. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2455 If the flag is "!bss", then any section that is not flagged as a bss section |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2456 will be matched. If the flag is "bss", then any section that is flagged as |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2457 bss will be matched.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2458 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2459 >The following directives are understood in a linker script.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2460 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2461 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2462 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2463 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2464 ><DL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2465 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2466 >section <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2467 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2468 >name</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2469 > load <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2470 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2471 >addr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2472 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2473 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2474 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2475 > This causes the section <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2476 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2477 >name</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2478 > to load at |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2479 <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2480 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2481 >addr</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2482 >. For the raw target, only one "load at" entry is |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2483 allowed for non-bss sections and it must be the first one. For raw targets, |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2484 it affects the addresses the linker assigns to symbols but has no other |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2485 affect on the output. bss sections may all have separate load addresses but |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2486 since they will not appear in the binary anyway, this is okay.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2487 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2488 >For the decb target, each "load" entry will cause a new "block" to be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2489 output to the binary which will contain the load address. It is legal for |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2490 sections to overlap in this manner - the linker assumes the loader will sort |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2491 everything out.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2492 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2493 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2494 >section <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2495 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2496 >name</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2497 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2498 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2499 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2500 > This will cause the section <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2501 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2502 >name</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2503 > to load after the previously listed |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2504 section.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2505 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2506 ><DT |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2507 >entry <CODE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2508 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2509 >addr or sym</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2510 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2511 ><DD |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2512 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2513 >This will cause the execution address (entry point) to be the address |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
changeset
|
2514 specified (in hex) or the specified symbol name. The symbol name must |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2515 match a symbol that is exported by one of the object files being linked. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2516 This has no effect for targets that do not encode the entry point into the |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2517 resulting file. If not specified, the entry point is assumed to be address 0 |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2518 which is probably not what you want. The default link scripts for targets |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2519 that support this directive automatically starts at the beginning of the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2520 first section (usually "init" or "code") that is emitted in the binary.</P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2521 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2522 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
2523 >pad <CODE |
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parents:
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|
2524 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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|
2525 >size</CODE |
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parents:
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|
2526 ></DT |
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parents:
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|
2527 ><DD |
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parents:
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|
2528 ><P |
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parents:
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|
2529 >This will cause the output file to be padded with NUL bytes to be exactly |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2530 <CODE |
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parents:
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|
2531 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2532 >size</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2533 > bytes in length. This only makes sense for a raw target.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2534 ></DD |
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parents:
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|
2535 ></DL |
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|
2536 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
2537 ></DIV |
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parents:
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|
2538 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
2539 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
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|
2540 ><HR><H2 |
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|
2541 CLASS="SECTION" |
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|
2542 ><A |
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|
2543 NAME="AEN809" |
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2544 >4.4. Format Specific Linking Notes</A |
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|
2545 ></H2 |
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|
2546 ><P |
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parents:
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2547 >Some formats require special information to be able to generate actual |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2548 binaries. If the specific format you are interested in is not listed in |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2549 this section, then there is nothing special you need to know about to create |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
2550 a final binary.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
2551 ><DIV |
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parents:
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|
2552 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
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|
2553 ><HR><H3 |
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parents:
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|
2554 CLASS="SECTION" |
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parents:
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|
2555 ><A |
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parents:
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|
2556 NAME="AEN812" |
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|
2557 >4.4.1. OS9 Modules</A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
2558 ></H3 |
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parents:
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|
2559 ><P |
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|
2560 >OS9 modules need to embed several items into the module header. These |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2561 items are the type of module, the langauge of the module, the module |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2562 attributes, the module revision number, the data size (bss), and the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2563 execution offset. These are all either calculated or default to reasonable |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2564 values.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2565 ><P |
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|
2566 >The data size is calcuated as the sum of all sections named "bss" or |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2567 ".bss" in all object files that are linked together.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2568 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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|
2569 >The execution offset is calculated from the address of the special |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2570 symbol "__start" which must be an exported (external) symbol in one of the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2571 objects to be linked.</P |
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parents:
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|
2572 ><P |
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|
2573 >The type defaults to "Prgrm" or "Program module". The language |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2574 defaults to "Objct" or "6809 object code". Attributes default to enabling |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2575 the re-entrant flag. And finally, the revision defaults to zero.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2576 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2577 >The embedded module name is the output filename. If the output |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2578 filename includes more than just the filename, this will probably not be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2579 what you want.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2580 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2581 >The type, language, attributes, revision, and module name can all be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2582 overridden by providing a special section in exactly one of the object files |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2583 to be linked. This section is called "__os9" (note the two underscores). |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2584 To override the type, language, attributes, or revision values, define a |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2585 non-exported symbol in this section called "type", "lang", "attr", or "rev" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2586 respectively. Any other symbols defined are ignored. To override the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2587 module name, include as the only actual code in the section a NUL terminated |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2588 string (the FCN directive is useful for this). If there is no code in the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2589 section or it beings with a NUL, the default name will be used. Any of the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2590 preceeding that are not defined in the special section will retain their |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2591 default values.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2592 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2593 >The built-in link script for OS9 modules will place the following |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2594 sections, in order, in the module: "code", ".text", "data", ".data". It |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2595 will merge all sections with the name "bss" or ".bss" into the "data" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2596 section. All other section names are ignored. What this means is that you |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2597 must define your data variables in the a section called "bss" or ".bss" even |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2598 though you will be refencing them all as offsets from U. This does have the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2599 unpleasant side effect that all BSS references will end up being 16 bit |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2600 offsets because the assembler cannot know what the offset will be once the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2601 linker is finished its work. Thus, if the tightest possible code is |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2602 required, having LWASM directly output the module is a better choice.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2603 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
2604 >While the built-in link script is probably sufficient for most |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2605 purposes, you can provide your own script. If you provide a custom link |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2606 script, you must start your code and data sections at location 000D to |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2607 accommodate the module header. Otherwise, you will have an incorrect |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2608 location for the execution offset. You must use the ENTRY directive in the |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2609 script to define the entry point for the module.</P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2610 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
2611 >It should also be obvious from the above that you cannot mix the bss |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2612 (rmb) definitions with the module code when linking separately. Those |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2613 familiar with typical module creation will probably find this an unpleasant |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
2614 difference but it is unavoidable.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2615 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
2616 >It should also be noted that direct page references should also be |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2617 avoided because you cannot know ahead of time whether the linker is going to |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
changeset
|
2618 end up putting a particular variable in the first 256 bytes of the module's |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2619 data space. If, however, you know for certain you will have less than 256 |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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|
2620 bytes of defined data space across all of the object files that will be |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2621 linked, you can instead use forced DP addressing for your data addresses |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2622 instead of the ,u notation. When linking with 3rd party libraries, this |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2623 practice should be avoided. Also, when creating libraries, always use the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
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|
2624 offset from U technique.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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diff
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|
2625 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2626 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2627 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2628 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2629 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2630 ><HR><H1 |
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diff
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|
2631 ><A |
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parents:
diff
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|
2632 NAME="AEN824" |
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diff
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|
2633 ></A |
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parents:
diff
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|
2634 >Chapter 5. Libraries and LWAR</H1 |
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diff
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|
2635 ><P |
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diff
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|
2636 >LWTOOLS also includes a tool for managing libraries. These are analogous to |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2637 the static libraries created with the "ar" tool on POSIX systems. Each library |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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diff
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|
2638 file contains one or more object files. The linker will treat the object |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2639 files within a library as though they had been specified individually on |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2640 the command line except when resolving external references. External references |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2641 are looked up first within the object files within the library and then, if |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2642 not found, the usual lookup based on the order the files are specified on |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2643 the command line occurs.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2644 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2645 >The tool for creating these libary files is called LWAR.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2646 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2647 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2648 ><HR><H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2649 CLASS="SECTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2650 ><A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2651 NAME="AEN828" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2652 >5.1. Command Line Options</A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2653 ></H2 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2654 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2655 >The binary for LWAR is called "lwar". Note that the binary is in lower |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2656 case. The options lwar understands are listed below. For archive manipulation |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2657 options, the first non-option argument is the name of the archive. All other |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2658 non-option arguments are the names of files to operate on.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2659 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2660 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2661 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2662 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2663 ><DL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2664 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2665 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2666 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2667 >--add</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2668 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2669 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2670 >-a</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2671 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2672 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2673 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2674 >This option specifies that an archive is going to have files added to it. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2675 If the archive does not already exist, it is created. New files are added |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2676 to the end of the archive.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2677 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2678 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2679 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2680 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2681 >--create</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2682 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2683 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2684 >-c</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2685 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2686 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2687 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2688 >This option specifies that an archive is going to be created and have files |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2689 added to it. If the archive already exists, it is truncated.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2690 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2691 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2692 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2693 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2694 >--merge</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2695 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2696 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2697 >-m</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2698 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2699 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2700 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2701 >If specified, any files specified to be added to an archive will be checked |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2702 to see if they are archives themselves. If so, their constituent members are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2703 added to the archive. This is useful for avoiding archives containing archives.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2704 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2705 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2706 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2707 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2708 >--list</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2709 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2710 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2711 >-l</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2712 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2713 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2714 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2715 >This will display a list of the files contained in the archive.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2716 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2717 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2718 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2719 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2720 >--debug</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2721 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2722 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2723 >-d</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2724 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2725 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2726 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2727 >This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2728 developers.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2729 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2730 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2731 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2732 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2733 >--help</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2734 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2735 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2736 >-?</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2737 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2738 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2739 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2740 >This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2741 of each.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2742 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2743 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2744 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2745 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2746 >--usage</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2747 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2748 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2749 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2750 >This will display a usage summary |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2751 of each command line option.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2752 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2753 ><DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2754 ><CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2755 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2756 >--version</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2757 >, <CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2758 CLASS="OPTION" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2759 >-V</CODE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2760 ></DT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2761 ><DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2762 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2763 >This will display the version of LWLINK. |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2764 of each.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2765 ></DD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2766 ></DL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2767 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2768 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2769 ></DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2770 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2771 CLASS="CHAPTER" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2772 ><HR><H1 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2773 ><A |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2774 NAME="OBJCHAP" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2775 ></A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2776 >Chapter 6. Object Files</H1 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2777 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2778 >LWTOOLS uses a proprietary object file format. It is proprietary in the sense |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2779 that it is specific to LWTOOLS, not that it is a hidden format. It would be |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2780 hard to keep it hidden in an open source tool chain anyway. This chapter |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2781 documents the object file format.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2782 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2783 >An object file consists of a series of sections each of which contains a |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2784 list of exported symbols, a list of incomplete references, and a list of |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2785 "local" symbols which may be used in calculating incomplete references. Each |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2786 section will obviously also contain the object code.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2787 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2788 >Exported symbols must be completely resolved to an address within the |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2789 section it is exported from. That is, an exported symbol must be a constant |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2790 rather than defined in terms of other symbols.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2791 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2792 >Each object file starts with a magic number and version number. The magic |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2793 number is the string "LWOBJ16" for this 16 bit object file format. The only |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2794 defined version number is currently 0. Thus, the first 8 bytes of the object |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2795 file are <FONT |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2796 COLOR="RED" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2797 >4C574F424A313600</FONT |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2798 ></P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2799 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2800 >Each section has the following items in order:</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2801 ><P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2802 ></P |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2803 ><UL |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2804 ><LI |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2805 ><P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2806 >section name</P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2807 ></LI |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2808 ><LI |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2809 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2810 >flags</P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2811 ></LI |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2812 ><LI |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2813 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2814 >list of local symbols (and addresses within the section)</P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2815 ></LI |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2816 ><LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2817 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2818 >list of exported symbols (and addresses within the section)</P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2819 ></LI |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2820 ><LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2821 ><P |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2822 >list of incomplete references along with the expressions to calculate them</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2823 ></LI |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2824 ><LI |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2825 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2826 >the actual object code (for non-BSS sections)</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2827 ></LI |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2828 ></UL |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2829 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2830 >The section starts with the name of the section with a NUL termination |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2831 followed by a series of flag bytes terminated by NUL. There are only two |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2832 flag bytes defined. A NUL (0) indicates no more flags and a value of 1 |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2833 indicates the section is a BSS section. For a BSS section, no actual |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2834 code is included in the object file.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2835 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2836 >Either a NULL section name or end of file indicate the presence of no more |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2837 sections.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2838 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2839 >Each entry in the exported and local symbols table consists of the symbol |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2840 (NUL terminated) followed by two bytes which contain the value in big endian |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2841 order. The end of a symbol table is indicated by a NULL symbol name.</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2842 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2843 >Each entry in the incomplete references table consists of an expression |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2844 followed by a 16 bit offset where the reference goes. Expressions are |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2845 defined as a series of terms up to an "end of expression" term. Each term |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2846 consists of a single byte which identifies the type of term (see below) |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2847 followed by any data required by the term. Then end of the list is flagged |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2848 by a NULL expression (only an end of expression term).</P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2849 ><DIV |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2850 CLASS="TABLE" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2851 ><A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2852 NAME="AEN911" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2853 ></A |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2854 ><P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2855 ><B |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2856 >Table 6-1. Object File Term Types</B |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2857 ></P |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2858 ><TABLE |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2859 BORDER="1" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2860 FRAME="border" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2861 CLASS="CALSTABLE" |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2862 ><COL><COL><THEAD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2863 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2864 ><TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2865 >TERMTYPE</TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2866 ><TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2867 >Meaning</TH |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2868 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2869 ></THEAD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2870 ><TBODY |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2871 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2872 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2873 >00</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2874 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2875 >end of expression</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2876 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2877 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2878 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2879 >01</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2880 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2881 >integer (16 bit in big endian order follows)</TD |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2882 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2883 ><TR |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2884 ><TD |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2885 >02</TD |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2886 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2887 > external symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2888 ></TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2889 ><TR |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2890 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2891 >03</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2892 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2893 >local symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2894 ></TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2895 ><TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2896 ><TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2897 >04</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2898 ><TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2899 >operator (1 byte operator number)</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2900 ></TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2901 ><TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2902 ><TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2903 >05</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2904 ><TD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2905 >section base address reference</TD |
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parents:
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|
2906 ></TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2907 ><TR |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2908 ><TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2909 >FF</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2910 ><TD |
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|
2911 >This term will set flags for the expression. Each one of these terms will set a single flag. All of them should be specified first in an expression. If they are not, the behaviour is undefined. The byte following is the flag. Flag 01 indicates an 8 bit relocation. Flag 02 indicates a zero-width relocation (see the EXTDEP pseudo op in LWASM).</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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changeset
|
2912 ></TR |
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parents:
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|
2913 ></TBODY |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2914 ></TABLE |
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parents:
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|
2915 ></DIV |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2916 ><P |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2917 >External references are resolved using other object files while local |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2918 references are resolved using the local symbol table(s) from this file. This |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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changeset
|
2919 allows local symbols that are not exported to have the same names as |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2920 exported symbols or external references.</P |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2921 ><DIV |
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|
2922 CLASS="TABLE" |
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parents:
diff
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|
2923 ><A |
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parents:
diff
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|
2924 NAME="AEN941" |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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changeset
|
2925 ></A |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2926 ><P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2927 ><B |
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parents:
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|
2928 >Table 6-2. Object File Operator Numbers</B |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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changeset
|
2929 ></P |
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parents:
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|
2930 ><TABLE |
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parents:
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|
2931 BORDER="1" |
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parents:
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|
2932 FRAME="border" |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2933 CLASS="CALSTABLE" |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2934 ><COL><COL><THEAD |
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parents:
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|
2935 ><TR |
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parents:
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|
2936 ><TH |
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parents:
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|
2937 >Number</TH |
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parents:
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|
2938 ><TH |
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parents:
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|
2939 >Operator</TH |
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parents:
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|
2940 ></TR |
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parents:
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|
2941 ></THEAD |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2942 ><TBODY |
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parents:
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|
2943 ><TR |
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parents:
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|
2944 ><TD |
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parents:
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|
2945 >01</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2946 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
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|
2947 >addition (+)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2948 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2949 ><TR |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2950 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2951 >02</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2952 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2953 >subtraction (-)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2954 ></TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2955 ><TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2956 ><TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2957 >03</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
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|
2958 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2959 >multiplication (*)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2960 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2961 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2962 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2963 >04</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2964 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2965 >division (/)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2966 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2967 ><TR |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2968 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2969 >05</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2970 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2971 >modulus (%)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2972 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2973 ><TR |
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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2974 ><TD |
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parents:
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changeset
|
2975 >06</TD |
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parents:
diff
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|
2976 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
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parents:
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|
2977 >integer division (\) (same as division)</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
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|
2978 ></TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2979 ><TR |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2980 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2981 >07</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2982 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2983 >bitwise and</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2984 ></TR |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2985 ><TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2986 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2987 >08</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2988 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2989 >bitwise or</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2990 ></TR |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2991 ><TR |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2992 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2993 >09</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2994 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2995 >bitwise xor</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2996 ></TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2997 ><TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2998 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2999 >0A</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3000 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3001 >boolean and</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3002 ></TR |
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3003 ><TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3004 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3005 >0B</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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lost@l-w.ca
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3006 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3007 >boolean or</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3008 ></TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3009 ><TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3010 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3011 >0C</TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3012 ><TD |
83b7b4ce3bbd
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3013 >unary negation, 2's complement (-)</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3014 ></TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3015 ><TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3016 ><TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3017 >0D</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3018 ><TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3019 >unary 1's complement (^)</TD |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3020 ></TR |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3021 ></TBODY |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3022 ></TABLE |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3023 ></DIV |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3024 ><P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3025 >An expression is represented in a postfix manner with both operands for |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3026 binary operators preceding the operator and the single operand for unary |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3027 operators preceding the operator.</P |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3028 ></DIV |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3029 ></DIV |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3030 ></BODY |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3031 ></HTML |
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parents:
diff
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|
3032 > |