LWTools Old Repo: doc/manual.docbook.sgml annotate

annotate doc/manual.docbook.sgml @ 167:751b99efb1fc

Updated docs

author	lost
date	Sat, 31 Jan 2009 18:59:40 +0000
parents	71561c12b20b
children	f8ec28ace0c6

rev	line source
109 f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN">
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	2 <book>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	3 <bookinfo>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	4 <title>LW Tool Chain</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	5 <author><firstname>William</firstname><surname>Astle</surname></author>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	6 <copyright><year>2009</year><holder>William Astle</holder></copyright>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	7 </bookinfo>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	8 <chapter>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	9
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	10 <title>Introduction</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	11
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	12 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	13 The LW tool chain provides utilities for building binaries for MC6809 and
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	14 HD6309 CPUs. The tool chain includes a cross-assembler and a cross-linker
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	15 which support several styles of output.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	16 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	17
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	18 <section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	19 <title>History</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	20 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	21 For a long time, I have had an interest in creating an operating system for
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	22 the Coco3. I finally started working on that project around the beginning of
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	23 2006. I had a number of assemblers I could choose from. Eventually, I settled
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	24 on one and started tinkering. After a while, I realized that assembler was not
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	25 going to be sufficient due to lack of macros and issues with forward references.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	26 Then I tried another which handled forward references correctly but still did
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	27 not support macros. I looked around at other assemblers and they all lacked
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	28 one feature or another that I really wanted for creating my operating system.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	29 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	30
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	31 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	32 The solution seemed clear at that point. I am a fair programmer so I figured
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	33 I could write an assembler that would do everything I wanted an assembler to
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	34 do. Thus the LWASM probject was born. After more than two years of on and off
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	35 work, version 1.0 of LWASM was released in October of 2008.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	36 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	37
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	38 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	39 As the aforementioned operating system project progressed further, it became
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	40 clear that while assembling the whole project through a single file was doable,
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	41 it was not practical. When I found myself playing some fancy games with macros
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	42 in a bid to simulate sections, I realized I needed a means of assembling
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	43 source files separately and linking them later. This spawned a major development
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	44 effort to add an object file support to LWASM. It also spawned the LWLINK
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	45 project to provide a means to actually link the files.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	46 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	47
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	48 </section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	49
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	50 </chapter>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	51
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	52 <chapter>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	53 <title>Output Formats</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	54
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	55 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	56 The LW tool chain supports multiple output formats. Each format has its
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	57 advantages and disadvantages. Each format is described below.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	58 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	59
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	60 <section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	61 <title>Raw Binaries</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	62 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	63 A raw binary is simply a string of bytes. There are no headers or other
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	64 niceties. Both LWLINK and LWASM support generating raw binaries. ORG directives
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	65 in the source code only serve to set the addresses that will be used for
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	66 symbols but otherwise have no direct impact on the resulting binary.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	67 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	68
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	69 </section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	70 <section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	71 <title>DECB Binaries</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	72
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	73 <para>A DECB binary is compatible with the LOADM command in Disk Extended
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	74 Color Basic on the CoCo. They are also compatible with CLOADM from Extended
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	75 Color Basic. These binaries include the load address of the binary as well
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	76 as encoding an execution address. These binaries may contain multiple loadable
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	77 sections, each of which has its own load address.</para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	78
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	79 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	80 Each binary starts with a preamble. Each preamble is five bytes long. The
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	81 first byte is zero. The next two bytes specify the number of bytes to load
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	82 and the last two bytes specify the address to load the bytes at. Then, a
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	83 string of bytes follows. After this string of bytes, there may be another
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	84 preamble or a postamble. A postamble is also five bytes in length. The first
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	85 byte of the postamble is $FF, the next two are zero, and the last two are
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	86 the execution address for the binary.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	87 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	88
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	89 <para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	90 Both LWASM and LWLINK can output this format.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	91 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	92 </section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	93
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	94 <section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	95 <title>Object Files</title>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	96 <para>LWASM supports generating a proprietary object file format which is
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	97 described in <xref linkend="objchap">. LWLINK is then used to link these
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	98 object files into a final binary in any of LWLINK's supported binary
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	99 formats.</para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	100
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	101 <para>Object files are very flexible in that they allow references that are not
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	102 known at assembly time to be resolved at link time. However, because the
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	103 addresses of such references are not known, there is no way for the assembler
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	104 has to use sixteen bit addressing modes for these references. The linker
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	105 will always use sixteen bits when resolving a reference which means any
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	106 instruction that requires an eight bit operand cannot use external references.
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	107 </para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	108
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	109 <para>Object files also support the concept of sections which are not valid
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	110 for other output types. This allows related code from each object file
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	111 linked to be collapsed together in the final binary.</para>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	112
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	113 </section>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	114
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	115 </chapter>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	116
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	117 <chapter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	118 <title>LWASM</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	119 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	120 The LWTOOLS assembler is called LWASM. This chapter documents the various
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	121 features of the assembler. It is not, however, a tutorial on 6x09 assembly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	122 language programming.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	123 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	124
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	125 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	126 <title>Command Line Options</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	127 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	128 The binary for LWASM is called "lwasm". Note that the binary is in lower
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	129 case. lwasm takes the following command line arguments.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	130 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	131
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	132 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	133 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	134 <term><option>--decb</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	135 <term><option>-b</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	136 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	137 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	138 Select the DECB output format target. Equivalent to <option>--format=decb</option>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	139 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	140 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	141 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	142
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	143 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	144 <term><option>--format=type</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	145 <term><option>-f type</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	146 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	147 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	148 Select the output format. Valid values are <option>obj</option> for the object
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	149 file target, <option>decb</option> for the DECB LOADM format, and <option>raw</option>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	150 for a raw binary.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	151 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	152 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	153 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	154
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	155 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	156 <term><option>--list[=file]</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	157 <term><option>-l[file]</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	158 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	159 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	160 Cause LWASM to generate a listing. If <option>file</option> is specified,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	161 the listing will go to that file. Otherwise it will go to the standard output
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	162 stream. By default, no listing is generated.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	163 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	164 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	165 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	166
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	167 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	168 <term><option>--obj</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	169 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	170 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	171 Select the proprietary object file format as the output target.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	172 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	173 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	174 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	175
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	176 <varlistentry>
150 f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	177 <term><option>--output=FILE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	178 <term><option>-o FILE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	179 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	180 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	181 This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	182 default is <option>a.out</option>.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	183 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	184 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	185 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	186
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	187 <varlistentry>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	188 <term><option>--pragma=pragma</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	189 <term><option>-p pragma</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	190 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	191 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	192 Specify assembler pragmas. Multiple pragmas are separated by commas. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	193 pragmas accepted are the same as for the PRAGMA assembler directive described
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	194 below.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	195 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	196 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	197 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	198
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	199 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	200 <term><option>--raw</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	201 <term><option>-r</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	202 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	203 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	204 Select raw binary as the output target.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	205 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	206 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	207 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	208
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	209 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	210 <term><option>--help</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	211 <term><option>-?</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	212 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	213 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	214 Present a help screen describing the command line options.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	215 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	216 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	217 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	218
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	219 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	220 <term><option>--usage</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	221 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	222 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	223 Provide a summary of the command line options.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	224 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	225 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	226 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	227
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	228 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	229 <term><option>--version</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	230 <term><option>-V</option></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	231 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	232 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	233 Display the software version.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	234 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	235 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	236 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	237
146 6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	238 <varlistentry>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	239 <term><option>--debug</option></term>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	240 <term><option>-d</option></term>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	241 <listitem>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	242 <para>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	243 Increase the debugging level. Only really useful to people hacking on the
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	244 LWASM source code itself.
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	245 </para>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	246 </listitem>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	247 </varlistentry>
6c0a30278982 Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 145 diff changeset	248
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	249 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	250
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	251 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	252
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	253 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	254 <title>Dialects</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	255 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	256 LWASM supports all documented MC6809 instructions as defined by Motorola.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	257 It also supports all known HD6309 instructions. There is some variation,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	258 however, in the pneumonics used for the block transfer instructions. LWASM
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	259 uses TFM for all four of them as do several other assemblers. Others, such
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	260 as CCASM, use four separate opcodes for it (compare: copy+, copy-, implode,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	261 and explode). There are advantages to both methods. However, it seems like
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	262 TFM has the most traction and thus, this is what LWASM supports. Support
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	263 for such variations may be added in the future.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	264 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	265
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	266 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	267 The standard addressing mode specifiers are supported. These are the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	268 hash sign ("#") for immediate mode, the less than sign ("<") for forced
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	269 eight bit modes, and the greater than sign (">") for forced sixteen bit modes.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	270 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	271
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	272 <para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	273 Additionally, LWASM supports using the asterisk ("*") to indicate
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	274 base page addressing. This should not be used in hand-written source code,
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	275 however, because it is non-standard and may or may not be present in future
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	276 versions of LWASM.
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	277 </para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	278
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	279 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	280
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	281 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	282 <title>Source Format</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	283
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	284 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	285 LWASM accepts plain text files in a relatively free form. It can handle
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	286 lines terminated with CR, LF, CRLF, or LFCR which means it should be able
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	287 to assemble files on any platform on which it compiles.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	288 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	289 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	290 Each line may start with a symbol. If a symbol is present, there must not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	291 be any whitespace preceding it. It is legal for a line to contain nothing
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	292 but a symbol.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	293 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	294 The op code is separated from the symbol by whitespace. If there is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	295 no symbol, there must be at least one white space character preceding it.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	296 If applicable, the operand follows separated by whitespace. Following the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	297 opcode and operand is an optional comment.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	298 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	299 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	300 A comment can also be introduced with a * or a ;. The comment character is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	301 optional for end of statement comments. However, if a symbol is the only
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	302 thing present on the line other than the comment, the comment character is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	303 mandatory to prevent the assembler from interpreting the comment as an opcode.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	304 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	305
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	306 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	307 The opcode is not treated case sensitively. Neither are register names in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	308 the operand fields. Symbols, however, are case sensitive.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	309 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	310
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	311 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	312 LWASM does not support line numbers in the file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	313 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	314
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	315 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	316
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	317 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	318 <title>Symbols</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	319
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	320 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	321 Symbols have no length restriction. They may contain letters, numbers, dots,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	322 dollar signs, and underscores. They must start with a letter, dot, or
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	323 underscore.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	324 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	325
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	326 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	327 LWASM also supports the concept of a local symbol. A local symbol is one
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	328 which contains either a "?" or a "@", which can appear anywhere in the symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	329 The scope of a local symbol is determined by a number of factors. First,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	330 each included file gets its own local symbol scope. A blank line will also
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	331 be considered a local scope barrier. Macros each have their own local symbol
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	332 scope as well (which has a side effect that you cannot use a local symbol
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	333 as an argument to a macro). There are other factors as well. In general,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	334 a local symbol is restricted to the block of code it is defined within.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	335 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	336
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	337 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	338
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	339 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	340 <title>Numbers and Expressions</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	341 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	342 Numbers can be expressed in binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	343 Binary numbers may be prefixed with a "%" symbol or suffixed with a
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	344 "b" or "B". Octal numbers may be prefixed with "@" or suffixed with
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	345 "Q", "q", "O", or "o". Hexadecimal numbers may be prefixed with "$" or
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	346 suffixed with "H". No prefix or suffix is required for decimal numbers but
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	347 they can be prefixed with "&" if desired. Any constant which begins with
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	348 a letter must be expressed with the correct prefix base identifier or be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	349 prefixed with a 0. Thus hexadecimal FF would have to be written either 0FFH
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	350 or $FF. Numbers are not case sensitive.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	351 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	352
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	353 <para> A symbol may appear at any point where a number is acceptable. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	354 special symbol "*" can be used to represent the starting address of the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	355 current source line within expressions. </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	356
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	357 <para>The ASCII value of a character can be included by prefixing it with a
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	358 single quote ('). The ASCII values of two characters can be included by
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	359 prefixing the characters with a quote (").</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	360
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	361 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	362 LWASM supports the following basic binary operators: +, -, *, /, and %.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	363 These represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	364 It also supports unary negation and unary 1's complement (- and ^ respectively).
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	365 For completeness, a unary positive (+) is supported though it is a no-op.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	366 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	367
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	368 <para>Operator precedence follows the usual rules. multiplication, division,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	369 and modulus take precedence over addition and subtraction. Unary operators
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	370 take precedence over binary operators. To force a specific order of evaluation,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	371 parentheses can be used in the usual manner.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	372 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	373 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	374
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	375 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	376 <title>Assembler Directives</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	377 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	378 Various directives can be used to control the behaviour of the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	379 assembler or to include non-code/data in the resulting output. Those directives
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	380 that are not described in detail in other sections of this document are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	381 described below.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	382 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	383
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	384 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	385 <title>Data Directives</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	386 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	387 <varlistentry><term>FCB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	388 <term>.DB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	389 <term>.BYTE <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	390 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	391 <para>Include one or more constant bytes (separated by commas) in the output.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	392 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	393 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	394
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	395 <varlistentry>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	396 <term>FDB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	397 <term>.DW <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	398 <term>.WORD <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	399 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	400 <para>Include one or more words (separated by commas) in the output.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	401 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	402 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	403
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	404 <varlistentry>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	405 <term>FQB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	406 <term>.QUAD <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	407 <term>.4BYTE <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	408 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	409 <para>Include one or more double words (separated by commas) in the output.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	410 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	411 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	412
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	413 <varlistentry>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	414 <term>FCC <parameter>string</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	415 <term>.ASCII <parameter>string</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	416 <term>.STR <parameter>string</parameter></term>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	417 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	418 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	419 Include a string of text in the output. The first character of the operand
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	420 is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and cannot appear
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	421 within the string. The string is included with no modifications>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	422 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	423 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	424 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	425
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	426 <varlistentry>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	427 <term>FCN <parameter>string</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	428 <term>.ASCIZ <parameter>string</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	429 <term>.STRZ <parameter>string</parameter></term>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	430 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	431 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	432 Include a NUL terminated string of text in the output. The first character of
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	433 the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	434 cannot appear within the string. A NUL byte is automatically appended to
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	435 the string.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	436 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	437 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	438 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	439
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	440 <varlistentry>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	441 <term>FCS <parameter>string</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	442 <term>.ASCIS <parameter>string</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	443 <term>.STRS <parameter>string</parameter></term>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	444 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	445 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	446 Include a string of text in the output with bit 7 of the final byte set. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	447 first character of the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	448 character and cannot appear within the string.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	449 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	450 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	451 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	452
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	453 <varlistentry><term>ZMB <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	454 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	455 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	456 Include a number of NUL bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	457 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	458 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	459 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	460 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	461
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	462 <varlistentry><term>ZMD <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	463 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	464 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	465 Include a number of zero words in the output. The number must be fully
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	466 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	467 permitted.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	468 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	469 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	470 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	471
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	472 <varlistentry><term>ZMQ <parameter>expr<parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	473 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	474 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	475 Include a number of zero double-words in the output. The number must be fully
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	476 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	477 permitted.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	478 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	479 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	480 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	481
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	482 <varlistentry>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	483 <term>RMB <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	484 <term>.BLKB <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	485 <term>.DS <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	486 <term>.RS <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	487 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	488 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	489 Reserve a number of bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	490 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	491 The value of the bytes is undefined.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	492 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	493 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	494 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	495
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	496 <varlistentry><term>RMD <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	497 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	498 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	499 Reserve a number of words in the output. The number must be fully
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	500 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	501 permitted. The value of the words is undefined.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	502 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	503 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	504 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	505
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	506 <varlistentry><term>RMQ <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	507 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	508 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	509 Reserve a number of double-words in the output. The number must be fully
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	510 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	511 permitted. The value of the double-words is undefined.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	512 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	513 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	514 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	515 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	516
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	517 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	518
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	519 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	520 <title>Address Definition</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	521 <para>The directives in this section all control the addresses of symbols
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	522 or the assembly process itself.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	523
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	524 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	525 <varlistentry><term>ORG <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	526 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	527 <para>Set the assembly address. The address must be fully resolvable on the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	528 first pass so no external or forward references are permitted. ORG is not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	529 permitted within sections when outputting to object files. For the DECB
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	530 target, each ORG directive after which output is generated will cause
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	531 a new preamble to be output. ORG is only used to determine the addresses
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	532 of symbols when the raw target is used.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	533 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	534 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	535 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	536
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	537 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	538 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EQU <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	539 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> = <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	540 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	541 <para>Define the value of <parameter>sym</parameter> to be <parameter>expr</parameter>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	542 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	543 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	544
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	545 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	546 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> SET <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	547 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	548 <para>Define the value of <parameter>sym</parameter> to be <parameter>expr</parameter>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	549 Unlike EQU, SET permits symbols to be defined multiple times as long as SET
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	550 is used for all instances. Use of the symbol before the first SET statement
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	551 that sets its value is undefined.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	552 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	553 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	554
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	555 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	556 <term>SETDP <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	557 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	558 <para>Inform the assembler that it can assume the DP register contains
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	559 <parameter>expr</parameter>. This directive is only advice to the assembler
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	560 to determine whether an address is in the direct page and has no effect
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	561 on the contents of the DP register. The value must be fully resolved during
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	562 the first assembly pass because it affects the sizes of subsequent instructions.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	563 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	564 <para>This directive has no effect in the object file target.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	565 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	566 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	567 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	568
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	569 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	570 <term>ALIGN <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	571 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	572 <para>Force the current assembly address to be a multiple of <parameter>expr</parameter>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	573 A series of NUL bytes is output to force the alignment, if required. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	574 alignment value must be fully resolved on the first pass because it affects
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	575 the addresses of subsquent instructions.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	576 <para>This directive is not suitable for inclusion in the middle of actual
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	577 code. It is intended to appear where the bytes output will not be executed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	578 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	579 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	580 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	581
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	582 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	583
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	584 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	585
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	586 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	587 <title>Conditional Assembly</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	588 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	589 Portions of the source code can be excluded or included based on conditions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	590 known at assembly time. Conditionals can be nested arbitrarily deeply. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	591 directives associated with conditional assembly are described in this section.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	592 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	593 <para>All conditionals must be fully bracketed. That is, every conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	594 statement must eventually be followed by an ENDC at the same level of nesting.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	595 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	596 <para>Conditional expressions are only evaluated on the first assembly pass.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	597 It is not possible to game the assembly process by having a conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	598 change its value between assembly passes. Thus there is not and never will
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	599 be any equivalent of IFP1 or IFP2 as provided by other assemblers.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	600
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	601 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	602 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	603 <term>IFEQ <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	604 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	605 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	606 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	607 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	608 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	609 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	610
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	611 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	612 <term>IFNE <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	613 <term>IF <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	614 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	615 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a non-zero value, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	616 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	617 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	618 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	619 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	620
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	621 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	622 <term>IFGT <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	623 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	624 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value greater than zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	625 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	626 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	627 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	628 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	629
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	630 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	631 <term>IFGE <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	632 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	633 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value greater than or equal to zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	634 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	635 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	636 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	637 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	638
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	639 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	640 <term>IFLT <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	641 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	642 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value less than zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	643 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	644 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	645 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	646 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	647
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	648 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	649 <term>IFLE <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	650 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	651 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value less than or equal to zero , the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	652 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	653 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	654 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	655 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	656
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	657 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	658 <term>IFDEF <parameter>sym</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	659 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	660 <para>If <parameter>sym</parameter> is defined at this point in the assembly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	661 process, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	662 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	663 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	664 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	665 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	666
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	667 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	668 <term>IFNDEF <parameter>sym</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	669 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	670 <para>If <parameter>sym</parameter> is not defined at this point in the assembly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	671 process, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	672 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	673 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	674 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	675 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	676
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	677 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	678 <term>ELSE</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	679 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	680 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	681 If the preceding conditional at the same level of nesting was false, the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	682 statements following will be assembled. If the preceding conditional at
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	683 the same level was true, the statements following will not be assembled.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	684 Note that the preceding conditional might have been another ELSE statement
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	685 although this behaviour is not guaranteed to be supported in future versions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	686 of LWASM.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	687 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	688 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	689
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	690 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	691 <term>ENDC</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	692 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	693 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	694 This directive marks the end of a conditional construct. Every conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	695 construct must end with an ENDC directive.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	696 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	697 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	698 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	699
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	700 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	701 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	702
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	703 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	704 <title>Miscelaneous Directives</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	705
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	706 <para>This section includes directives that do not fit into the other
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	707 categories.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	708
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	709 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	710
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	711 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	712 <term>INCLUDE <parameter>filename</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	713 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	714 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	715 Include the contents of <parameter>filename</parameter> at this point in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	716 the assembly as though it were a part of the file currently being processed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	717 Note that whitespace cannot appear in the name of the file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	718 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	719 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	720 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	721
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	722 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	723 <term>END <parameter>[expr]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	724 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	725 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	726 This directive causes the assembler to stop assembling immediately as though
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	727 it ran out of input. For the DECB target only, <parameter>expr</parameter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	728 can be used to set the execution address of the resulting binary. For all
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	729 other targets, specifying <parameter>expr</parameter> will cause an error.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	730 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	731 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	732 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	733
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	734 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	735 <term>ERROR <parameter>string</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	736 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	737 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	738 Causes a custom error message to be printed at this line. This will cause
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	739 assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	740 to cause assembly to fail if some condition that is known bad happens.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	741 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	742 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	743 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	744
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	745 <varlistentry>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	746 <term>.MODULE <parameter>string</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	747 <listitem>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	748 <para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	749 This directive is ignored for most output targets. If the output target
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	750 supports encoding a module name into it, <parameter>string</parameter>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	751 will be used as the module name.
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	752 </para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	753 <para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	754 As of version 2.2, no supported output targets support this directive.
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	755 </para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	756 </listitem>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	757 </varlistentry>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	758
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	759 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	760 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	761
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	762 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	763
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	764 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	765 <title>Macros</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	766 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	767 LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	768 series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	769 assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	770 additional assembler directives.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	771 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	772 <para>Macros my accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	773 a macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	774 through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	775 decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). These parameter references
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	776 are replaced with the verbatim text of the parameter passed to the macro. A
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	777 reference to a non-existent parameter will be replaced by an empty string.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	778 Macro parameters are expanded everywhere on each source line. That means
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	779 the parameter to a macro could be used as a symbol or it could even appear
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	780 in a comment or could cause an entire source line to be commented out
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	781 when the macro is expanded.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	782 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	783 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	784 Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	785 is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	786 may be included in a macro parameter.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	787 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	788 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	789 Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	790 expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	791 hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	792 the reason.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	793
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	794 <para>Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	795 inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	796 the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	797 within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	798 outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	799 as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	800 as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	801 rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	802 an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	803 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	804 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	805 Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	806 macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	807 namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	808 as a macro.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	809 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	810
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	811 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	812 Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	813 only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	814 definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	815 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	816
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	817 <para>The following directives are used when defining macros.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	818
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	819 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	820 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	821 <term><parameter>macroname</parameter> MACRO</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	822 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	823 <para>This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	824 <parameter>macroname</parameter>. If <parameter>macroname</parameter> already
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	825 exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	826 macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	827 be relied upon.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	828 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	829 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	830 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	831
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	832 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	833 <term>ENDM</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	834 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	835 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	836 This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	837 causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	838 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	839 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	840 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	841
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	842 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	843
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	844 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	845 <title>Object Files and Sections</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	846 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	847 The object file target is very useful for large project because it allows
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	848 multiple files to be assembled independently and then linked into the final
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	849 binary at a later time. It allows only the small portion of the project
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	850 that was modified to be re-assembled rather than requiring the entire set
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	851 of source code to be available to the assembler in a single assembly process.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	852 This can be particularly important if there are a large number of macros,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	853 symbol definitions, or other metadata that uses resources at assembly time.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	854 By far the largest benefit, however, is keeping the source files small enough
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	855 for a mere mortal to find things in them.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	856 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	857
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	858 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	859 With multi-file projects, there needs to be a means of resolving references to
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	860 symbols in other source files. These are known as external references. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	861 addresses of these symbols cannot be known until the linker joins all the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	862 object files into a single binary. This means that the assembler must be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	863 able to output the object code without knowing the value of the symbol. This
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	864 places some restrictions on the code generated by the assembler. For
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	865 example, the assembler cannot generate direct page addressing for instructions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	866 that reference external symbols because the address of the symbol may not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	867 be in the direct page. Similarly, relative branches and PC relative addressing
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	868 cannot be used in their eight bit forms. Everything that must be resolved
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	869 by the linker must be assembled to use the largest address size possible to
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	870 allow the linker to fill in the correct value at link time. Note that the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	871 same problem applies to absolute address references as well, even those in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	872 the same source file, because the address is not known until link time.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	873 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	874
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	875 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	876 It is often desired in multi-file projects to have code of various types grouped
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	877 together in the final binary generated by the linker as well. The same applies
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	878 to data. In order for the linker to do that, the bits that are to be grouped
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	879 must be tagged in some manner. This is where the concept of sections comes in.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	880 Each chunk of code or data is part of a section in the object file. Then,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	881 when the linker reads all the object files, it coalesces all sections of the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	882 same name into a single section and then considers it as a unit.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	883 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	884
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	885 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	886 The existence of sections, however, raises a problem for symbols even
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	887 within the same source file. Thus, the assembler must treat symbols from
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	888 different sections within the same source file in the same manner as external
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	889 symbols. That is, it must leave them for the linker to resolve at link time,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	890 with all the limitations that entails.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	891 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	892
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	893 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	894 In the object file target mode, LWASM requires all source lines that
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	895 cause bytes to be output to be inside a section. Any directives that do
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	896 not cause any bytes to be output can appear outside of a section. This includes
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	897 such things as EQU or RMB. Even ORG can appear outside a section. ORG, however,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	898 makes no sense within a section because it is the linker that determines
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	899 the starting address of the section's code, not the assembler.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	900 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	901
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	902 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	903 All symbols defined globally in the assembly process are local to the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	904 source file and cannot be exported. All symbols defined within a section are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	905 considered local to the source file unless otherwise explicitly exported.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	906 Symbols referenced from external source files must be declared external,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	907 either explicitly or by asking the assembler to assume that all undefined
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	908 symbols are external.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	909 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	910
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	911 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	912 It is often handy to define a number of memory addresses that will be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	913 used for data at run-time but which need not be included in the binary file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	914 These memory addresses are not initialized until run-time, either by the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	915 program itself or by the program loader, depending on the operating environment.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	916 Such sections are often known as BSS sections. LWASM supports generating
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	917 sections with a BSS attribute set which causes the section definition including
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	918 symbols exported from that section and those symbols required to resolve
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	919 references from the local file, but with no actual code in the object file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	920 It is illegal for any source lines within a BSS flagged section to cause any
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	921 bytes to be output.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	922 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	923
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	924 <para>The following directives apply to section handling.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	925
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	926 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	927 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	928 <term>SECTION <parameter>name[,flags]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	929 <term>SECT <parameter>name[,flags]</parameter></term>
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	930 <term>.AREA <parameter>name[,flags]</parameter></term>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	931 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	932 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	933 Instructs the assembler that the code following this directive is to be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	934 considered part of the section <parameter>name</parameter>. A section name
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	935 may appear multiple times in which case it is as though all the code from
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	936 all the instances of that section appeared adjacent within the source file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	937 However, <parameter>flags</parameter> may only be specified on the first
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	938 instance of the section.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	939 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	940 <para>There is a single flag supported in <parameter>flags</parameter>. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	941 flag <parameter>bss</parameter> will cause the section to be treated as a BSS
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	942 section and, thus, no code will be included in the object file nor will any
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	943 bytes be permitted to be output.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	944 <para>
159 71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	945 If the section name is "bss" or ".bss" in any combination of upper and
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	946 lower case, the section is assumed to be a BSS section. In that case,
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	947 the flag <parameter>!bss</parameter> can be used to override this assumption.
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	948 </para>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	949 <para>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	950 If assembly is already happening within a section, the section is implicitly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	951 ended and the new section started. This is not considered an error although
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	952 it is recommended that all sections be explicitly closed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	953 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	954 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	955 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	956
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	957 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	958 <term>ENDSECTION</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	959 <term>ENDSECT</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	960 <term>ENDS</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	961 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	962 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	963 This directive ends the current section. This puts assembly outside of any
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	964 sections until the next SECTION directive.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	965 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	966 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	967
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	968 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	969 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXTERN</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	970 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXTERNAL</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	971 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> IMPORT</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	972 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	973 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	974 This directive defines <parameter>sym</parameter> as an external symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	975 This directive may occur at any point in the source code. EXTERN definitions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	976 are resolved on the first pass so an EXTERN definition anywhere in the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	977 source file is valid for the entire file. The use of this directive is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	978 optional when the assembler is instructed to assume that all undefined
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	979 symbols are external. In fact, in that mode, if the symbol is referenced
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	980 before the EXTERN directive, an error will occur.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	981 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	982 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	983 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	984
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	985 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	986 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXPORT</term>
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	987 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> .GLOBL</term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	988
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	989 <term>EXPORT <parameter>sym</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	990 <term>.GLOBL <parameter>sym</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	991
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	992 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	993 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	994 This directive defines <parameter>sym</parameter> as an exported symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	995 This directive may occur at any point in the source code, even before the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	996 definition of the exported symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	997 </para>
167 751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	998 <para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	999 Note that <parameter>sym</parameter> may appear as the operand or as the
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	1000 statement's symbol. If there is a symbol on the statement, that will
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	1001 take precedence over any operand that is present.
751b99efb1fc Updated docs lost parents: 159 diff changeset	1002 </para>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1003 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1004 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1005
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1006 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1007
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1008 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1009
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1010 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1011 <title>Assembler Modes and Pragmas</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1012 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1013 There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1014 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1015 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1016 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1017 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1018 not portable between assemblers.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1019 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1020
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1021 <para>LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1022 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1023 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1024 are as follows.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1025 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1026
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1027 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1028 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1029 <term>PRAGMA <parameter>pragma[,...]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1030 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1031 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1032 Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <parameter>pragma</parameter>s
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1033 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1034 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1035 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1036 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1037 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1038 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1039
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1040 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1041 <term>*PRAGMA <parameter>pragma[,...]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1042 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1043 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1044 This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1045 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1046 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1047 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1048 for correct functioning of the code.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1049 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1050 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1051 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1052 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1053
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1054 <para>Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1055 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1056 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1057 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". Only the positive version is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1058 listed below.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1059
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1060 <para>Pragmas are not case sensitive.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1061
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1062 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1063 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1064 <term>index0tonone</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1065 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1066 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1067 When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1068 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1069 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1070 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1071 of this optimization, it is enabled by default.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1072 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1073 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1074 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1075
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1076 <varlistentry>
159 71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1077 <term>cescapes</term>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1078 <listitem>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1079 <para>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1080 This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1081 have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1082 spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1083 immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1084 on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1085 </para>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1086 </listitem>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1087 </varlistentry>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1088
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss lost parents: 150 diff changeset	1089 <varlistentry>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1090 <term>undefextern</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1091 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1092 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1093 This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1094 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1095 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1096 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1097 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1098 this pragma defaults to off.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1099 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1100 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1101 The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1102 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1103 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1104 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1105 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1106 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1107 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1108 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1109 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1110 This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1111 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1112 for one or two files to use this pragma internally.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1113 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1114 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1115 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1116 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1117
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1118 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1119
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1120 </chapter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1121
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1122 <chapter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1123 <title>LWLINK</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1124 <para>
150 f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1125 The LWTOOLS linker is called LWLINK. This chapter documents the various features
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1126 of the linker.
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1127 </para>
150 f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1128
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1129 <section>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1130 <title>Command Line Options</title>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1131 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1132 The binary for LWLINK is called "lwlink". Note that the binary is in lower
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1133 case. lwlink takes the following command line arguments.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1134 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1135 <variablelist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1136 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1137 <term><option>--decb</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1138 <term><option>-b</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1139 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1140 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1141 Selects the DECB output format target. This is equivalent to <option>--format=decb</option>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1142 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1143 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1144 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1145
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1146 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1147 <term><option>--output=FILE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1148 <term><option>-o FILE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1149 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1150 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1151 This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1152 default is <option>a.out</option>.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1153 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1154 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1155 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1156
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1157 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1158 <term><option>--format=TYPE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1159 <term><option>-f TYPE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1160 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1161 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1162 This option specifies the output format. Valid values are <option>decb</option>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1163 and <option>raw</option>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1164 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1165 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1166 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1167
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1168 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1169 <term><option>--raw</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1170 <term><option>-r</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1171 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1172 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1173 This option specifies the raw output format.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1174 It is equivalent to <option>--format=raw</option>.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1175 and <option>raw</option>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1176 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1177 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1178 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1179
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1180 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1181 <term><option>--script=FILE</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1182 <term><option>-s</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1183 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1184 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1185 This option allows specifying a linking script to override the linker's
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1186 built in defaults.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1187 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1188 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1189 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1190
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1191 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1192 <term><option>--debug</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1193 <term><option>-d</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1194 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1195 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1196 This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1197 developers.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1198 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1199 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1200 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1201
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1202 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1203 <term><option>--help</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1204 <term><option>-?</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1205 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1206 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1207 This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1208 of each.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1209 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1210 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1211 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1212
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1213 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1214 <term><option>--usage</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1215 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1216 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1217 This will display a usage summary.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1218 of each.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1219 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1220 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1221 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1222
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1223
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1224 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1225 <term><option>--version</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1226 <term><option>-V</option></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1227 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1228 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1229 This will display the version of LWLINK.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1230 of each.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1231 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1232 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1233 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1234
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1235 </section>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1236
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1237 <section>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1238 <title>Linker Operation</title>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1239
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1240 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1241 LWLINK takes one or more files in the LWTOOLS object file format and links
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1242 them into a single binary. While the precise method is slightly different,
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1243 linking can be conceptualized as the following steps.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1244 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1245
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1246 <orderedlist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1247 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1248 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1249 First, the linker loads a linking script. If no script is specified, it
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1250 loads a built-in default script based on the output format selected. This
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1251 script tells the linker how to lay out the various sections in the final
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1252 binary.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1253 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1254 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1255
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1256 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1257 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1258 Next, the linker reads all the input files into memory. At this time, it
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1259 flags any format errors in those files. It constructs a table of symbols
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1260 for each object at this time.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1261 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1262 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1263
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1264 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1265 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1266 The linker then proceeds with organizing the sections loaded from each file
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1267 according to the linking script. As it does so, it is able to assign addresses
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1268 to each symbol defined in each object file. At this time, the linker may
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1269 also collapse different instances of the same section name into a single
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1270 section by appending the data from each subsequent instance of the section
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1271 to the first instance of the section.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1272 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1273 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1274
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1275 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1276 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1277 Next, the linker looks through every object file for every incomplete reference.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1278 It then attempts to fully resolve that reference. If it cannot do so, it
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1279 throws an error. Once a reference is resolved, the value is placed into
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1280 the binary code at the specified section. It should be noted that an
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1281 incomplete reference can reference either a symbol internal to the object
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1282 file or an external symbol which is in the export list of another object
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1283 file.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1284 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1285 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1286
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1287 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1288 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1289 If all of the above steps are successful, the linker opens the output file
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1290 and actually constructs the binary.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1291 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1292 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1293 </orderedlist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1294
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1295 </section>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1296
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1297 <section
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1298 <title>Linking Scripts</title>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1299 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1300 A linker script is used to instruct the linker about how to assemble the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1301 various sections into a completed binary. It consists of a series of
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1302 directives which are considered in the order they are encountered.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1303 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1304 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1305 The sections will appear in the resulting binary in the order they are
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1306 specified in the script file. If a referenced section is not found, the linker will behave as though the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1307 section did exist but had a zero size, no relocations, and no exports.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1308 A section should only be referenced once. Any subsequent references will have
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1309 an undefined effect.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1310 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1311
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1312 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1313 All numbers are in linking scripts are specified in hexadecimal. All directives
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1314 are case sensitive although the hexadecimal numbers are not.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1315 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1316
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1317 <para>A section name can be specified as a "*", then any section not
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1318 already matched by the script will be matched. The "*" can be followed
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1319 by a comma and a flag to narrow the section down slightly, also.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1320 If the flag is "!bss", then any section that is not flagged as a bss section
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1321 will be matched. If the flag is "bss", then any section that is flagged as
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1322 bss will be matched.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1323 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1324
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1325 <para>The following directives are understood in a linker script.</para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1326 <variablelist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1327 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1328 <term>section <parameter>name</parameter> load <parameter>addr</parameter></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1329 <listitem><para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1330
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1331 This causes the section <parameter>name</parameter> to load at
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1332 <parameter>addr</parameter>. For the raw target, only one "load at" entry is
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1333 allowed for non-bss sections and it must be the first one. For raw targets,
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1334 it affects the addresses the linker assigns to symbols but has no other
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1335 affect on the output. bss sections may all have separate load addresses but
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1336 since they will not appear in the binary anyway, this is okay.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1337 </para><para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1338 For the decb target, each "load" entry will cause a new "block" to be
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1339 output to the binary which will contain the load address. It is legal for
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1340 sections to overlap in this manner - the linker assumes the loader will sort
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1341 everything out.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1342 </para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1343 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1344
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1345 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1346 <term>section <parameter>name</parameter></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1347 <listitem><para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1348
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1349 This will cause the section <parameter>name</parameter> to load after the previously listed
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1350 section.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1351 </para></listitem></varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1352 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1353 <term>exec <parameter>addr or sym</parameter></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1354 <listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1355 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1356 This will cause the execution address (entry point) to be the address
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1357 specified (in hex) or the specified symbol name. The symbol name must
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1358 match a symbol that is exported by one of the object files being linked.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1359 This has no effect for targets that do not encode the entry point into the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1360 resulting file. If not specified, the entry point is assumed to be address 0
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1361 which is probably not what you want. The default link scripts for targets
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1362 that support this directive automatically starts at the beginning of the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1363 first section (usually "init" or "code") that is emitted in the binary.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1364 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1365 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1366 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1367
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1368 <varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1369 <term>pad <parameter>size</parameter></term>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1370 <listitem><para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1371 This will cause the output file to be padded with NUL bytes to be exactly
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1372 <parameter>size</parameter> bytes in length. This only makes sense for a raw target.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1373 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1374 </listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1375 </varlistentry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1376 </variablelist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1377
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1378
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1379
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1380 </section>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1381
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1382 </chapter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1383
109 f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1384 <chapter id="objchap">
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1385 <title>Object Files</title>
145 afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1386 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1387 LWTOOLS uses a proprietary object file format. It is proprietary in the sense
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1388 that it is specific to LWTOOLS, not that it is a hidden format. It would be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1389 hard to keep it hidden in an open source tool chain anyway. This chapter
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1390 documents the object file format.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release lost parents: 109 diff changeset	1391 </para>
150 f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1392
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1393 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1394 An object file consists of a series of sections each of which contains a
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1395 list of exported symbols, a list of incomplete references, and a list of
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1396 "local" symbols which may be used in calculating incomplete references. Each
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1397 section will obviously also contain the object code.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1398 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1399
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1400 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1401 Exported symbols must be completely resolved to an address within the
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1402 section it is exported from. That is, an exported symbol must be a constant
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1403 rather than defined in terms of other symbols.</para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1404
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1405 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1406 Each object file starts with a magic number and version number. The magic
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1407 number is the string "LWOBJ16" for this 16 bit object file format. The only
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1408 defined version number is currently 0. Thus, the first 8 bytes of the object
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1409 file are <code>4C574F424A313600</code>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1410 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1411
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1412 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1413 Each section has the following items in order:
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1414 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1415
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1416 <itemizedlist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1417 <listitem><para>section name</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1418 <listitem><para>flags</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1419 <listitem><para>list of local symbols (and addresses within the section)</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1420 <listitem><para>list of exported symbols (and addresses within the section)</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1421 <listitem><para>list of incomplete references along with the expressions to calculate them</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1422 <listitem><para>the actual object code (for non-BSS sections)</para></listitem>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1423 </itemizedlist>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1424
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1425 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1426 The section starts with the name of the section with a NUL termination
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1427 followed by a series of flag bytes terminated by NUL. There are only two
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1428 flag bytes defined. A NUL (0) indicates no more flags and a value of 1
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1429 indicates the section is a BSS section. For a BSS section, no actual
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1430 code is included in the object file.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1431 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1432
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1433 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1434 Either a NULL section name or end of file indicate the presence of no more
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1435 sections.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1436 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1437
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1438 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1439 Each entry in the exported and local symbols table consists of the symbol
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1440 (NUL terminated) followed by two bytes which contain the value in big endian
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1441 order. The end of a symbol table is indicated by a NULL symbol name.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1442 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1443
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1444 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1445 Each entry in the incomplete references table consists of an expression
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1446 followed by a 16 bit offset where the reference goes. Expressions are
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1447 defined as a series of terms up to an "end of expression" term. Each term
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1448 consists of a single byte which identifies the type of term (see below)
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1449 followed by any data required by the term. Then end of the list is flagged
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1450 by a NULL expression (only an end of expression term).
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1451 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1452
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1453 <table frame="all"><title>Object File Term Types</title>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1454 <tgroup cols="2">
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1455 <thead>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1456 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1457 <entry>TERMTYPE</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1458 <entry>Meaning</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1459 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1460 </thead>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1461 <tbody>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1462 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1463 <entry>00</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1464 <entry>end of expression</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1465 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1466
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1467 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1468 <entry>01</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1469 <entry>integer (16 bit in big endian order follows)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1470 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1471 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1472 <entry>02</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1473 <entry> external symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1474 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1475
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1476 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1477 <entry>03</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1478 <entry>local symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1479 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1480
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1481 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1482 <entry>04</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1483 <entry>operator (1 byte operator number)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1484 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1485 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1486 <entry>05</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1487 <entry>section base address reference</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1488 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1489 </tbody>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1490 </tgroup>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1491 </table>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1492
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1493 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1494 External references are resolved using other object files while local
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1495 references are resolved using the local symbol table(s) from this file. This
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1496 allows local symbols that are not exported to have the same names as
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1497 exported symbols or external references.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1498 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1499
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1500 <table frame="all"><title>Object File Operator Numbers</title>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1501 <tgroup cols="2">
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1502 <thead>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1503 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1504 <entry>Number</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1505 <entry>Operator</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1506 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1507 </thead>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1508 <tbody>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1509 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1510 <entry>01</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1511 <entry>addition (+)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1512 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1513 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1514 <entry>02</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1515 <entry>subtraction (-)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1516 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1517 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1518 <entry>03</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1519 <entry>multiplication (*)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1520 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1521 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1522 <entry>04</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1523 <entry>division (/)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1524 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1525 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1526 <entry>05</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1527 <entry>modulus (%)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1528 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1529 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1530 <entry>06</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1531 <entry>integer division (\) (same as division)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1532 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1533
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1534 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1535 <entry>07</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1536 <entry>bitwise and</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1537 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1538
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1539 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1540 <entry>08</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1541 <entry>bitwise or</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1542 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1543
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1544 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1545 <entry>09</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1546 <entry>bitwise xor</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1547 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1548
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1549 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1550 <entry>0A</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1551 <entry>boolean and</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1552 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1553
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1554 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1555 <entry>0B</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1556 <entry>boolean or</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1557 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1558
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1559 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1560 <entry>0C</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1561 <entry>unary negation, 2's complement (-)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1562 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1563
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1564 <row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1565 <entry>0D</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1566 <entry>unary 1's complement (^)</entry>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1567 </row>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1568 </tbody>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1569 </tgroup>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1570 </table>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1571
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1572 <para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1573 An expression is represented in a postfix manner with both operands for
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1574 binary operators preceding the operator and the single operand for unary
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1575 operators preceding the operator.
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1576 </para>
f0881c115010 More major documentation upgrades lost parents: 147 diff changeset	1577
109 f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1578 </chapter>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1579 </book>
f21a5593a661 Updated docs lost parents: diff changeset	1580

Mercurial > hg-old > index.cgi

annotate doc/manual.docbook.sgml @ 167:751b99efb1fc