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take 2: importing undefined exports
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1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN">
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2 <book>
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3 <bookinfo>
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4 <title>LW Tool Chain</title>
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5 <author><firstname>William</firstname><surname>Astle</surname></author>
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6 <copyright><year>2009</year><holder>William Astle</holder></copyright>
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7 </bookinfo>
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8 <chapter>
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9
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10 <title>Introduction</title>
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11
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12 <para>
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13 The LW tool chain provides utilities for building binaries for MC6809 and
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14 HD6309 CPUs. The tool chain includes a cross-assembler and a cross-linker
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15 which support several styles of output.
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16 </para>
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17
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18 <section>
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19 <title>History</title>
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20 <para>
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21 For a long time, I have had an interest in creating an operating system for
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22 the Coco3. I finally started working on that project around the beginning of
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23 2006. I had a number of assemblers I could choose from. Eventually, I settled
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24 on one and started tinkering. After a while, I realized that assembler was not
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25 going to be sufficient due to lack of macros and issues with forward references.
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26 Then I tried another which handled forward references correctly but still did
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27 not support macros. I looked around at other assemblers and they all lacked
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28 one feature or another that I really wanted for creating my operating system.
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29 </para>
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30
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31 <para>
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32 The solution seemed clear at that point. I am a fair programmer so I figured
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33 I could write an assembler that would do everything I wanted an assembler to
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34 do. Thus the LWASM probject was born. After more than two years of on and off
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35 work, version 1.0 of LWASM was released in October of 2008.
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36 </para>
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37
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38 <para>
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39 As the aforementioned operating system project progressed further, it became
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40 clear that while assembling the whole project through a single file was doable,
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41 it was not practical. When I found myself playing some fancy games with macros
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42 in a bid to simulate sections, I realized I needed a means of assembling
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43 source files separately and linking them later. This spawned a major development
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44 effort to add an object file support to LWASM. It also spawned the LWLINK
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45 project to provide a means to actually link the files.
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46 </para>
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47
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48 </section>
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49
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50 </chapter>
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51
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52 <chapter>
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53 <title>Output Formats</title>
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54
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55 <para>
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56 The LW tool chain supports multiple output formats. Each format has its
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57 advantages and disadvantages. Each format is described below.
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58 </para>
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59
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60 <section>
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61 <title>Raw Binaries</title>
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62 <para>
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63 A raw binary is simply a string of bytes. There are no headers or other
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64 niceties. Both LWLINK and LWASM support generating raw binaries. ORG directives
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65 in the source code only serve to set the addresses that will be used for
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66 symbols but otherwise have no direct impact on the resulting binary.
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67 </para>
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68
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69 </section>
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70 <section>
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71 <title>DECB Binaries</title>
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72
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73 <para>A DECB binary is compatible with the LOADM command in Disk Extended
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74 Color Basic on the CoCo. They are also compatible with CLOADM from Extended
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75 Color Basic. These binaries include the load address of the binary as well
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76 as encoding an execution address. These binaries may contain multiple loadable
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77 sections, each of which has its own load address.</para>
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78
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79 <para>
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80 Each binary starts with a preamble. Each preamble is five bytes long. The
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81 first byte is zero. The next two bytes specify the number of bytes to load
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82 and the last two bytes specify the address to load the bytes at. Then, a
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83 string of bytes follows. After this string of bytes, there may be another
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84 preamble or a postamble. A postamble is also five bytes in length. The first
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85 byte of the postamble is $FF, the next two are zero, and the last two are
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86 the execution address for the binary.
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87 </para>
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88
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89 <para>
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90 Both LWASM and LWLINK can output this format.
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91 </para>
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92 </section>
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93
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94 <section>
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95 <title>Object Files</title>
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96 <para>LWASM supports generating a proprietary object file format which is
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97 described in <xref linkend="objchap">. LWLINK is then used to link these
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98 object files into a final binary in any of LWLINK's supported binary
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99 formats.</para>
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100
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101 <para>Object files are very flexible in that they allow references that are not
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102 known at assembly time to be resolved at link time. However, because the
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103 addresses of such references are not known, there is no way for the assembler
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104 has to use sixteen bit addressing modes for these references. The linker
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105 will always use sixteen bits when resolving a reference which means any
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106 instruction that requires an eight bit operand cannot use external references.
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107 </para>
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108
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109 <para>Object files also support the concept of sections which are not valid
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110 for other output types. This allows related code from each object file
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111 linked to be collapsed together in the final binary.</para>
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112
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113 </section>
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114
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115 </chapter>
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116
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117 <chapter>
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118 <title>LWASM</title>
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119 <para>
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120 The LWTOOLS assembler is called LWASM. This chapter documents the various
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121 features of the assembler. It is not, however, a tutorial on 6x09 assembly
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122 language programming.
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123 </para>
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124
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125 <section>
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126 <title>Command Line Options</title>
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127 <para>
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128 The binary for LWASM is called "lwasm". Note that the binary is in lower
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129 case. lwasm takes the following command line arguments.
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130 </para>
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131
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132 <variablelist>
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133 <varlistentry>
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134 <term><option>--decb</option></term>
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135 <term><option>-b</option></term>
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136 <listitem>
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137 <para>
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138 Select the DECB output format target. Equivalent to <option>--format=decb</option>.
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139 </para>
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140 </listitem>
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141 </varlistentry>
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142
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143 <varlistentry>
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144 <term><option>--format=type</option></term>
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145 <term><option>-f type</option></term>
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146 <listitem>
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147 <para>
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148 Select the output format. Valid values are <option>obj</option> for the object
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149 file target, <option>decb</option> for the DECB LOADM format, and <option>raw</option>
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150 for a raw binary.
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151 </para>
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152 </listitem>
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153 </varlistentry>
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154
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155 <varlistentry>
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156 <term><option>--list[=file]</option></term>
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157 <term><option>-l[file]</option></term>
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158 <listitem>
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159 <para>
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160 Cause LWASM to generate a listing. If <option>file</option> is specified,
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161 the listing will go to that file. Otherwise it will go to the standard output
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162 stream. By default, no listing is generated.
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163 </para>
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164 </listitem>
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165 </varlistentry>
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166
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167 <varlistentry>
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168 <term><option>--obj</option></term>
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169 <listitem>
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170 <para>
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171 Select the proprietary object file format as the output target.
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172 </para>
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173 </listitem>
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174 </varlistentry>
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175
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176 <varlistentry>
150
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177 <term><option>--output=FILE</option></term>
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178 <term><option>-o FILE</option></term>
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179 <listitem>
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180 <para>
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181 This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the
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182 default is <option>a.out</option>.
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183 </para>
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184 </listitem>
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185 </varlistentry>
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186
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187 <varlistentry>
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188 <term><option>--pragma=pragma</option></term>
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189 <term><option>-p pragma</option></term>
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190 <listitem>
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191 <para>
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192 Specify assembler pragmas. Multiple pragmas are separated by commas. The
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193 pragmas accepted are the same as for the PRAGMA assembler directive described
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194 below.
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195 </para>
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196 </listitem>
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197 </varlistentry>
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198
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199 <varlistentry>
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200 <term><option>--raw</option></term>
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201 <term><option>-r</option></term>
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202 <listitem>
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203 <para>
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204 Select raw binary as the output target.
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205 </para>
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206 </listitem>
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207 </varlistentry>
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208
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209 <varlistentry>
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210 <term><option>--help</option></term>
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211 <term><option>-?</option></term>
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212 <listitem>
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213 <para>
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214 Present a help screen describing the command line options.
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215 </para>
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216 </listitem>
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217 </varlistentry>
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218
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219 <varlistentry>
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220 <term><option>--usage</option></term>
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221 <listitem>
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222 <para>
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223 Provide a summary of the command line options.
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224 </para>
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225 </listitem>
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226 </varlistentry>
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227
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228 <varlistentry>
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229 <term><option>--version</option></term>
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230 <term><option>-V</option></term>
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231 <listitem>
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232 <para>
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233 Display the software version.
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234 </para>
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235 </listitem>
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236 </varlistentry>
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237
146
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238 <varlistentry>
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239 <term><option>--debug</option></term>
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240 <term><option>-d</option></term>
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241 <listitem>
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242 <para>
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243 Increase the debugging level. Only really useful to people hacking on the
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244 LWASM source code itself.
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245 </para>
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246 </listitem>
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247 </varlistentry>
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248
145
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249 </variablelist>
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250
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251 </section>
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252
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253 <section>
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254 <title>Dialects</title>
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255 <para>
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256 LWASM supports all documented MC6809 instructions as defined by Motorola.
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257 It also supports all known HD6309 instructions. There is some variation,
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258 however, in the pneumonics used for the block transfer instructions. LWASM
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259 uses TFM for all four of them as do several other assemblers. Others, such
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260 as CCASM, use four separate opcodes for it (compare: copy+, copy-, implode,
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261 and explode). There are advantages to both methods. However, it seems like
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262 TFM has the most traction and thus, this is what LWASM supports. Support
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263 for such variations may be added in the future.
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264 </para>
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265
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266 <para>
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267 The standard addressing mode specifiers are supported. These are the
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268 hash sign ("#") for immediate mode, the less than sign ("&lt;") for forced
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269 eight bit modes, and the greater than sign ("&gt;") for forced sixteen bit modes.
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270 </para>
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271
167
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272 <para>
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273 Additionally, LWASM supports using the asterisk ("*") to indicate
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274 base page addressing. This should not be used in hand-written source code,
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275 however, because it is non-standard and may or may not be present in future
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276 versions of LWASM.
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277 </para>
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278
145
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279 </section>
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280
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281 <section>
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282 <title>Source Format</title>
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283
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284 <para>
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285 LWASM accepts plain text files in a relatively free form. It can handle
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286 lines terminated with CR, LF, CRLF, or LFCR which means it should be able
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287 to assemble files on any platform on which it compiles.
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288 </para>
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289 <para>
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290 Each line may start with a symbol. If a symbol is present, there must not
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291 be any whitespace preceding it. It is legal for a line to contain nothing
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292 but a symbol.</para>
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293 <para>
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294 The op code is separated from the symbol by whitespace. If there is
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295 no symbol, there must be at least one white space character preceding it.
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296 If applicable, the operand follows separated by whitespace. Following the
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297 opcode and operand is an optional comment.
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298 </para>
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299 <para>
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300 A comment can also be introduced with a * or a ;. The comment character is
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301 optional for end of statement comments. However, if a symbol is the only
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302 thing present on the line other than the comment, the comment character is
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303 mandatory to prevent the assembler from interpreting the comment as an opcode.
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304 </para>
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305
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306 <para>
175
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307 For compatibility with the output generated by some C preprocessors, LWASM
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308 will also ignore lines that begin with a #. This should not be used as a general
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309 comment character, however.
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310 </para>
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311
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312 <para>
145
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313 The opcode is not treated case sensitively. Neither are register names in
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314 the operand fields. Symbols, however, are case sensitive.
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315 </para>
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316
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317 <para>
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318 LWASM does not support line numbers in the file.
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319 </para>
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320
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321 </section>
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322
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323 <section>
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324 <title>Symbols</title>
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325
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326 <para>
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327 Symbols have no length restriction. They may contain letters, numbers, dots,
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328 dollar signs, and underscores. They must start with a letter, dot, or
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329 underscore.
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330 </para>
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331
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332 <para>
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333 LWASM also supports the concept of a local symbol. A local symbol is one
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334 which contains either a "?" or a "@", which can appear anywhere in the symbol.
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335 The scope of a local symbol is determined by a number of factors. First,
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336 each included file gets its own local symbol scope. A blank line will also
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337 be considered a local scope barrier. Macros each have their own local symbol
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338 scope as well (which has a side effect that you cannot use a local symbol
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339 as an argument to a macro). There are other factors as well. In general,
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340 a local symbol is restricted to the block of code it is defined within.
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341 </para>
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342
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343 </section>
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344
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345 <section>
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346 <title>Numbers and Expressions</title>
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347 <para>
175
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348
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349 Numbers can be expressed in binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal. Binary
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350 numbers may be prefixed with a "%" symbol or suffixed with a "b" or "B".
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351 Octal numbers may be prefixed with "@" or suffixed with "Q", "q", "O", or
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352 "o". Hexadecimal numbers may be prefixed with "$", "0x" or "0X", or suffixed
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353 with "H". No prefix or suffix is required for decimal numbers but they can
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354 be prefixed with "&amp;" if desired. Any constant which begins with a letter
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355 must be expressed with the correct prefix base identifier or be prefixed
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356 with a 0. Thus hexadecimal FF would have to be written either 0FFH or $FF.
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357 Numbers are not case sensitive.
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358
145
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359 </para>
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360
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361 <para> A symbol may appear at any point where a number is acceptable. The
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362 special symbol "*" can be used to represent the starting address of the
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363 current source line within expressions. </para>
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364
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365 <para>The ASCII value of a character can be included by prefixing it with a
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366 single quote ('). The ASCII values of two characters can be included by
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367 prefixing the characters with a quote (").</para>
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368
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369 <para>
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370 LWASM supports the following basic binary operators: +, -, *, /, and %.
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371 These represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.
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372 It also supports unary negation and unary 1's complement (- and ^ respectively).
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373 For completeness, a unary positive (+) is supported though it is a no-op.
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374 </para>
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375
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376 <para>Operator precedence follows the usual rules. multiplication, division,
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377 and modulus take precedence over addition and subtraction. Unary operators
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378 take precedence over binary operators. To force a specific order of evaluation,
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379 parentheses can be used in the usual manner.
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380 </para>
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381 </section>
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382
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383 <section>
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384 <title>Assembler Directives</title>
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385 <para>
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386 Various directives can be used to control the behaviour of the
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387 assembler or to include non-code/data in the resulting output. Those directives
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388 that are not described in detail in other sections of this document are
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389 described below.
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390 </para>
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391
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392 <section>
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393 <title>Data Directives</title>
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394 <variablelist>
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395 <varlistentry><term>FCB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
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396 <term>.DB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
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397 <term>.BYTE <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
145
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398 <listitem>
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399 <para>Include one or more constant bytes (separated by commas) in the output.</para>
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400 </listitem>
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401 </varlistentry>
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402
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403 <varlistentry>
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404 <term>FDB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
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405 <term>.DW <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
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406 <term>.WORD <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
145
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407 <listitem>
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408 <para>Include one or more words (separated by commas) in the output.</para>
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409 </listitem>
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410 </varlistentry>
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411
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412 <varlistentry>
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413 <term>FQB <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
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414 <term>.QUAD <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
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415 <term>.4BYTE <parameter>expr[,...]</parameter></term>
145
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416 <listitem>
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417 <para>Include one or more double words (separated by commas) in the output.</para>
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418 </listitem>
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419 </varlistentry>
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420
167
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421 <varlistentry>
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422 <term>FCC <parameter>string</parameter></term>
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423 <term>.ASCII <parameter>string</parameter></term>
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424 <term>.STR <parameter>string</parameter></term>
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425 <listitem>
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426 <para>
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427 Include a string of text in the output. The first character of the operand
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428 is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and cannot appear
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429 within the string. The string is included with no modifications>
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430 </para>
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431 </listitem>
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432 </varlistentry>
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433
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434 <varlistentry>
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435 <term>FCN <parameter>string</parameter></term>
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436 <term>.ASCIZ <parameter>string</parameter></term>
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437 <term>.STRZ <parameter>string</parameter></term>
145
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438 <listitem>
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439 <para>
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440 Include a NUL terminated string of text in the output. The first character of
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441 the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and
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442 cannot appear within the string. A NUL byte is automatically appended to
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443 the string.
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444 </para>
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445 </listitem>
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446 </varlistentry>
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447
167
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448 <varlistentry>
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449 <term>FCS <parameter>string</parameter></term>
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450 <term>.ASCIS <parameter>string</parameter></term>
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451 <term>.STRS <parameter>string</parameter></term>
145
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452 <listitem>
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453 <para>
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454 Include a string of text in the output with bit 7 of the final byte set. The
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455 first character of the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last
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456 character and cannot appear within the string.
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457 </para>
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458 </listitem>
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459 </varlistentry>
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460
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461 <varlistentry><term>ZMB <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
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462 <listitem>
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463 <para>
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464 Include a number of NUL bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
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465 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.
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466 </para>
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467 </listitem>
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468 </varlistentry>
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469
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470 <varlistentry><term>ZMD <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
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471 <listitem>
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472 <para>
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473 Include a number of zero words in the output. The number must be fully
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474 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
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475 permitted.
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476 </para>
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477 </listitem>
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478 </varlistentry>
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479
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480 <varlistentry><term>ZMQ <parameter>expr<parameter></term>
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481 <listitem>
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482 <para>
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483 Include a number of zero double-words in the output. The number must be fully
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484 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
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485 permitted.
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486 </para>
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487 </listitem>
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488 </varlistentry>
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489
167
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490 <varlistentry>
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491 <term>RMB <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
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492 <term>.BLKB <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
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493 <term>.DS <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
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494 <term>.RS <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
145
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
495 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
496 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
497 Reserve a number of bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
498 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
499 The value of the bytes is undefined.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
500 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
501 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
502 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
503
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
504 <varlistentry><term>RMD <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
505 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
506 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
507 Reserve a number of words in the output. The number must be fully
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
508 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
509 permitted. The value of the words is undefined.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
510 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
511 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
512 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
513
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
514 <varlistentry><term>RMQ <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
515 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
516 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
517 Reserve a number of double-words in the output. The number must be fully
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
518 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
519 permitted. The value of the double-words is undefined.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
520 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
521 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
522 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
523 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
524
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
525 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
526
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
527 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
528 <title>Address Definition</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
529 <para>The directives in this section all control the addresses of symbols
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
530 or the assembly process itself.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
531
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
532 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
533 <varlistentry><term>ORG <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
534 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
535 <para>Set the assembly address. The address must be fully resolvable on the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
536 first pass so no external or forward references are permitted. ORG is not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
537 permitted within sections when outputting to object files. For the DECB
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
538 target, each ORG directive after which output is generated will cause
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
539 a new preamble to be output. ORG is only used to determine the addresses
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
540 of symbols when the raw target is used.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
541 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
542 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
543 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
544
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
545 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
546 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EQU <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
547 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> = <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
548 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
549 <para>Define the value of <parameter>sym</parameter> to be <parameter>expr</parameter>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
550 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
551 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
552
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
553 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
554 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> SET <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
555 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
556 <para>Define the value of <parameter>sym</parameter> to be <parameter>expr</parameter>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
557 Unlike EQU, SET permits symbols to be defined multiple times as long as SET
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
558 is used for all instances. Use of the symbol before the first SET statement
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
559 that sets its value is undefined.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
560 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
561 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
562
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
563 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
564 <term>SETDP <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
565 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
566 <para>Inform the assembler that it can assume the DP register contains
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
567 <parameter>expr</parameter>. This directive is only advice to the assembler
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
568 to determine whether an address is in the direct page and has no effect
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
569 on the contents of the DP register. The value must be fully resolved during
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
570 the first assembly pass because it affects the sizes of subsequent instructions.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
571 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
572 <para>This directive has no effect in the object file target.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
573 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
574 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
575 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
576
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
577 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
578 <term>ALIGN <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
579 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
580 <para>Force the current assembly address to be a multiple of <parameter>expr</parameter>.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
581 A series of NUL bytes is output to force the alignment, if required. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
582 alignment value must be fully resolved on the first pass because it affects
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
583 the addresses of subsquent instructions.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
584 <para>This directive is not suitable for inclusion in the middle of actual
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
585 code. It is intended to appear where the bytes output will not be executed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
586 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
587 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
588 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
589
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
590 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
591
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
592 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
593
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
594 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
595 <title>Conditional Assembly</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
596 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
597 Portions of the source code can be excluded or included based on conditions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
598 known at assembly time. Conditionals can be nested arbitrarily deeply. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
599 directives associated with conditional assembly are described in this section.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
600 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
601 <para>All conditionals must be fully bracketed. That is, every conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
602 statement must eventually be followed by an ENDC at the same level of nesting.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
603 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
604 <para>Conditional expressions are only evaluated on the first assembly pass.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
605 It is not possible to game the assembly process by having a conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
606 change its value between assembly passes. Thus there is not and never will
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
607 be any equivalent of IFP1 or IFP2 as provided by other assemblers.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
608
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
609 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
610 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
611 <term>IFEQ <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
612 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
613 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
614 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
615 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
616 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
617 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
618
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
619 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
620 <term>IFNE <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
621 <term>IF <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
622 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
623 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a non-zero value, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
624 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
625 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
626 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
627 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
628
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
629 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
630 <term>IFGT <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
631 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
632 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value greater than zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
633 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
634 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
635 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
636 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
637
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
638 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
639 <term>IFGE <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
640 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
641 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value greater than or equal to zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
642 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
643 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
644 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
645 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
646
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
647 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
648 <term>IFLT <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
649 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
650 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value less than zero, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
651 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
652 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
653 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
654 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
655
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
656 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
657 <term>IFLE <parameter>expr</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
658 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
659 <para>If <parameter>expr</parameter> evaluates to a value less than or equal to zero , the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
660 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
661 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
662 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
663 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
664
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
665 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
666 <term>IFDEF <parameter>sym</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
667 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
668 <para>If <parameter>sym</parameter> is defined at this point in the assembly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
669 process, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
670 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
671 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
672 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
673 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
674
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
675 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
676 <term>IFNDEF <parameter>sym</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
677 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
678 <para>If <parameter>sym</parameter> is not defined at this point in the assembly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
679 process, the conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
680 will be considered true.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
681 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
682 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
683 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
684
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
685 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
686 <term>ELSE</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
687 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
688 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
689 If the preceding conditional at the same level of nesting was false, the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
690 statements following will be assembled. If the preceding conditional at
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
691 the same level was true, the statements following will not be assembled.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
692 Note that the preceding conditional might have been another ELSE statement
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
693 although this behaviour is not guaranteed to be supported in future versions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
694 of LWASM.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
695 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
696 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
697
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
698 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
699 <term>ENDC</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
700 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
701 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
702 This directive marks the end of a conditional construct. Every conditional
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
703 construct must end with an ENDC directive.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
704 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
705 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
706 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
707
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
708 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
709 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
710
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
711 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
712 <title>Miscelaneous Directives</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
713
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
714 <para>This section includes directives that do not fit into the other
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
715 categories.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
716
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
717 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
718
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
719 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
720 <term>INCLUDE <parameter>filename</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
721 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
722 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
723 Include the contents of <parameter>filename</parameter> at this point in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
724 the assembly as though it were a part of the file currently being processed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
725 Note that whitespace cannot appear in the name of the file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
726 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
727 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
728 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
729
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
730 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
731 <term>END <parameter>[expr]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
732 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
733 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
734 This directive causes the assembler to stop assembling immediately as though
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
735 it ran out of input. For the DECB target only, <parameter>expr</parameter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
736 can be used to set the execution address of the resulting binary. For all
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
737 other targets, specifying <parameter>expr</parameter> will cause an error.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
738 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
739 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
740 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
741
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
742 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
743 <term>ERROR <parameter>string</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
744 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
745 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
746 Causes a custom error message to be printed at this line. This will cause
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
747 assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
748 to cause assembly to fail if some condition that is known bad happens.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
749 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
750 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
751 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
752
167
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
753 <varlistentry>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
754 <term>.MODULE <parameter>string</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
755 <listitem>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
756 <para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
757 This directive is ignored for most output targets. If the output target
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
758 supports encoding a module name into it, <parameter>string</parameter>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
759 will be used as the module name.
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
760 </para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
761 <para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
762 As of version 2.2, no supported output targets support this directive.
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
763 </para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
764 </listitem>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
765 </varlistentry>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
766
145
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
767 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
768 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
769
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
770 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
771
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
772 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
773 <title>Macros</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
774 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
775 LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
776 series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
777 assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
778 additional assembler directives.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
779 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
780 <para>Macros my accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
781 a macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
782 through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
783 decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). These parameter references
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
784 are replaced with the verbatim text of the parameter passed to the macro. A
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
785 reference to a non-existent parameter will be replaced by an empty string.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
786 Macro parameters are expanded everywhere on each source line. That means
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
787 the parameter to a macro could be used as a symbol or it could even appear
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
788 in a comment or could cause an entire source line to be commented out
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
789 when the macro is expanded.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
790 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
791 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
792 Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
793 is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
794 may be included in a macro parameter.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
795 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
796 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
797 Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
798 expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
799 hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
800 the reason.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
801
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
802 <para>Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
803 inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
804 the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
805 within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
806 outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
807 as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
808 as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
809 rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
810 an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
811 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
812 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
813 Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
814 macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
815 namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
816 as a macro.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
817 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
818
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
819 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
820 Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
821 only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
822 definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
823 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
824
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
825 <para>The following directives are used when defining macros.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
826
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
827 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
828 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
829 <term><parameter>macroname</parameter> MACRO</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
830 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
831 <para>This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
832 <parameter>macroname</parameter>. If <parameter>macroname</parameter> already
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
833 exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
834 macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
835 be relied upon.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
836 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
837 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
838 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
839
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
840 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
841 <term>ENDM</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
842 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
843 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
844 This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
845 causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
846 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
847 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
848 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
849
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
850 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
851
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
852 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
853 <title>Object Files and Sections</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
854 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
855 The object file target is very useful for large project because it allows
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
856 multiple files to be assembled independently and then linked into the final
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
857 binary at a later time. It allows only the small portion of the project
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
858 that was modified to be re-assembled rather than requiring the entire set
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
859 of source code to be available to the assembler in a single assembly process.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
860 This can be particularly important if there are a large number of macros,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
861 symbol definitions, or other metadata that uses resources at assembly time.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
862 By far the largest benefit, however, is keeping the source files small enough
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
863 for a mere mortal to find things in them.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
864 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
865
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
866 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
867 With multi-file projects, there needs to be a means of resolving references to
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
868 symbols in other source files. These are known as external references. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
869 addresses of these symbols cannot be known until the linker joins all the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
870 object files into a single binary. This means that the assembler must be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
871 able to output the object code without knowing the value of the symbol. This
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
872 places some restrictions on the code generated by the assembler. For
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
873 example, the assembler cannot generate direct page addressing for instructions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
874 that reference external symbols because the address of the symbol may not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
875 be in the direct page. Similarly, relative branches and PC relative addressing
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
876 cannot be used in their eight bit forms. Everything that must be resolved
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
877 by the linker must be assembled to use the largest address size possible to
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
878 allow the linker to fill in the correct value at link time. Note that the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
879 same problem applies to absolute address references as well, even those in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
880 the same source file, because the address is not known until link time.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
881 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
882
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
883 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
884 It is often desired in multi-file projects to have code of various types grouped
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
885 together in the final binary generated by the linker as well. The same applies
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
886 to data. In order for the linker to do that, the bits that are to be grouped
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
887 must be tagged in some manner. This is where the concept of sections comes in.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
888 Each chunk of code or data is part of a section in the object file. Then,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
889 when the linker reads all the object files, it coalesces all sections of the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
890 same name into a single section and then considers it as a unit.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
891 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
892
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
893 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
894 The existence of sections, however, raises a problem for symbols even
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
895 within the same source file. Thus, the assembler must treat symbols from
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
896 different sections within the same source file in the same manner as external
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
897 symbols. That is, it must leave them for the linker to resolve at link time,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
898 with all the limitations that entails.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
899 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
900
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
901 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
902 In the object file target mode, LWASM requires all source lines that
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
903 cause bytes to be output to be inside a section. Any directives that do
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
904 not cause any bytes to be output can appear outside of a section. This includes
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
905 such things as EQU or RMB. Even ORG can appear outside a section. ORG, however,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
906 makes no sense within a section because it is the linker that determines
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
907 the starting address of the section's code, not the assembler.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
908 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
909
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
910 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
911 All symbols defined globally in the assembly process are local to the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
912 source file and cannot be exported. All symbols defined within a section are
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
913 considered local to the source file unless otherwise explicitly exported.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
914 Symbols referenced from external source files must be declared external,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
915 either explicitly or by asking the assembler to assume that all undefined
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
916 symbols are external.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
917 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
918
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
919 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
920 It is often handy to define a number of memory addresses that will be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
921 used for data at run-time but which need not be included in the binary file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
922 These memory addresses are not initialized until run-time, either by the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
923 program itself or by the program loader, depending on the operating environment.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
924 Such sections are often known as BSS sections. LWASM supports generating
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
925 sections with a BSS attribute set which causes the section definition including
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
926 symbols exported from that section and those symbols required to resolve
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
927 references from the local file, but with no actual code in the object file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
928 It is illegal for any source lines within a BSS flagged section to cause any
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
929 bytes to be output.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
930 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
931
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
932 <para>The following directives apply to section handling.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
933
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
934 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
935 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
936 <term>SECTION <parameter>name[,flags]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
937 <term>SECT <parameter>name[,flags]</parameter></term>
167
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
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parents: 159
diff changeset
938 <term>.AREA <parameter>name[,flags]</parameter></term>
145
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
939 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
940 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
941 Instructs the assembler that the code following this directive is to be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
942 considered part of the section <parameter>name</parameter>. A section name
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
943 may appear multiple times in which case it is as though all the code from
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
944 all the instances of that section appeared adjacent within the source file.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
945 However, <parameter>flags</parameter> may only be specified on the first
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
946 instance of the section.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
947 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
948 <para>There is a single flag supported in <parameter>flags</parameter>. The
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
949 flag <parameter>bss</parameter> will cause the section to be treated as a BSS
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
950 section and, thus, no code will be included in the object file nor will any
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
951 bytes be permitted to be output.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
952 <para>
159
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss
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parents: 150
diff changeset
953 If the section name is "bss" or ".bss" in any combination of upper and
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss
lost
parents: 150
diff changeset
954 lower case, the section is assumed to be a BSS section. In that case,
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss
lost
parents: 150
diff changeset
955 the flag <parameter>!bss</parameter> can be used to override this assumption.
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss
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parents: 150
diff changeset
956 </para>
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss
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parents: 150
diff changeset
957 <para>
145
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
958 If assembly is already happening within a section, the section is implicitly
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
959 ended and the new section started. This is not considered an error although
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
960 it is recommended that all sections be explicitly closed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
961 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
962 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
963 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
964
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
965 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
966 <term>ENDSECTION</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
967 <term>ENDSECT</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
968 <term>ENDS</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
969 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
970 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
971 This directive ends the current section. This puts assembly outside of any
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
972 sections until the next SECTION directive.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
973 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
974 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
975
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
976 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
977 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXTERN</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
978 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXTERNAL</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
979 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> IMPORT</term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
980 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
981 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
982 This directive defines <parameter>sym</parameter> as an external symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
983 This directive may occur at any point in the source code. EXTERN definitions
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
984 are resolved on the first pass so an EXTERN definition anywhere in the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
985 source file is valid for the entire file. The use of this directive is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
986 optional when the assembler is instructed to assume that all undefined
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
987 symbols are external. In fact, in that mode, if the symbol is referenced
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
988 before the EXTERN directive, an error will occur.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
989 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
990 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
991 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
992
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
993 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
994 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> EXPORT</term>
167
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
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parents: 159
diff changeset
995 <term><parameter>sym</parameter> .GLOBL</term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
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parents: 159
diff changeset
996
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
997 <term>EXPORT <parameter>sym</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
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parents: 159
diff changeset
998 <term>.GLOBL <parameter>sym</parameter></term>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
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parents: 159
diff changeset
999
145
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1000 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1001 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1002 This directive defines <parameter>sym</parameter> as an exported symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
1003 This directive may occur at any point in the source code, even before the
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
1004 definition of the exported symbol.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1005 </para>
167
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
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parents: 159
diff changeset
1006 <para>
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
1007 Note that <parameter>sym</parameter> may appear as the operand or as the
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
1008 statement's symbol. If there is a symbol on the statement, that will
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
1009 take precedence over any operand that is present.
751b99efb1fc Updated docs
lost
parents: 159
diff changeset
1010 </para>
145
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1011 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1012 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1013
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1014 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1015
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1016 </section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1017
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1018 <section>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1019 <title>Assembler Modes and Pragmas</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1020 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1021 There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1022 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1023 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1024 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
1025 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition,
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1026 not portable between assemblers.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1027 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1028
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
1029 <para>LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
1030 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1031 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1032 are as follows.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1033 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1034
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1035 <variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1036 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1037 <term>PRAGMA <parameter>pragma[,...]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1038 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1039 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1040 Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <parameter>pragma</parameter>s
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
1041 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1042 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1043 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1044 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1045 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1046 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1047
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1048 <varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1049 <term>*PRAGMA <parameter>pragma[,...]</parameter></term>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1050 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1051 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1052 This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
1053 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1054 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1055 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1056 for correct functioning of the code.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
lost
parents: 109
diff changeset
1057 </para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1058 </listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1059 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1060 </variablelist>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1061
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1062 <para>Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1063 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1064 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1065 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". Only the positive version is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1066 listed below.</para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1067
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1068 <para>Pragmas are not case sensitive.</para>
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diff changeset
1069
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1070 <variablelist>
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diff changeset
1071 <varlistentry>
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diff changeset
1072 <term>index0tonone</term>
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diff changeset
1073 <listitem>
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diff changeset
1074 <para>
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diff changeset
1075 When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1076 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1077 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent
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diff changeset
1078 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1079 of this optimization, it is enabled by default.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1080 </para>
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diff changeset
1081 </listitem>
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diff changeset
1082 </varlistentry>
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diff changeset
1083
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1084 <varlistentry>
159
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1085 <term>cescapes</term>
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1086 <listitem>
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1087 <para>
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1088 This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to
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parents: 150
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1089 have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1090 spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1091 immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1092 on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.
71561c12b20b Updated docs to reflect new cescapes pragma and discuss implicit assumption of the bss section flag for sections named bss and .bss
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1093 </para>
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1094 </listitem>
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1095 </varlistentry>
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parents: 150
diff changeset
1096
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diff changeset
1097 <varlistentry>
145
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diff changeset
1098 <term>undefextern</term>
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diff changeset
1099 <listitem>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1100 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1101 This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1102 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1103 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1104 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1105 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising,
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1106 this pragma defaults to off.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1107 </para>
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diff changeset
1108 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1109 The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1110 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1111 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1112 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1113 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1114 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1115 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)
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diff changeset
1116 </para>
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diff changeset
1117 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1118 This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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parents: 109
diff changeset
1119 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1120 for one or two files to use this pragma internally.
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diff changeset
1121 </para>
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1122 </listitem>
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1123 </varlistentry>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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1124 </variablelist>
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1125
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1126 </section>
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1127
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1128 </chapter>
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1129
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1130 <chapter>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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diff changeset
1131 <title>LWLINK</title>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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1132 <para>
150
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1133 The LWTOOLS linker is called LWLINK. This chapter documents the various features
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1134 of the linker.
145
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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1135 </para>
150
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1136
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1137 <section>
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1138 <title>Command Line Options</title>
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1139 <para>
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1140 The binary for LWLINK is called "lwlink". Note that the binary is in lower
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1141 case. lwlink takes the following command line arguments.
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1142 </para>
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1143 <variablelist>
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1144 <varlistentry>
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1145 <term><option>--decb</option></term>
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1146 <term><option>-b</option></term>
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1147 <listitem>
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1148 <para>
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1149 Selects the DECB output format target. This is equivalent to <option>--format=decb</option>
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1150 </para>
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1151 </listitem>
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1152 </varlistentry>
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1153
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1154 <varlistentry>
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1155 <term><option>--output=FILE</option></term>
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1156 <term><option>-o FILE</option></term>
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1157 <listitem>
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1158 <para>
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1159 This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the
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1160 default is <option>a.out</option>.
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1161 </para>
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1162 </listitem>
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1163 </varlistentry>
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1164
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1165 <varlistentry>
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1166 <term><option>--format=TYPE</option></term>
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1167 <term><option>-f TYPE</option></term>
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1168 <listitem>
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1169 <para>
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1170 This option specifies the output format. Valid values are <option>decb</option>
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1171 and <option>raw</option>
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1172 </para>
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1173 </listitem>
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1174 </varlistentry>
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1175
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1176 <varlistentry>
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1177 <term><option>--raw</option></term>
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1178 <term><option>-r</option></term>
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1179 <listitem>
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1180 <para>
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1181 This option specifies the raw output format.
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1182 It is equivalent to <option>--format=raw</option>.
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1183 and <option>raw</option>
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1184 </para>
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1185 </listitem>
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1186 </varlistentry>
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1187
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1188 <varlistentry>
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1189 <term><option>--script=FILE</option></term>
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1190 <term><option>-s</option></term>
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1191 <listitem>
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1192 <para>
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1193 This option allows specifying a linking script to override the linker's
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1194 built in defaults.
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1195 </para>
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1196 </listitem>
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1197 </varlistentry>
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1198
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1199 <varlistentry>
186
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1200 <term><option>--section-base=SECT=BASE</option></term>
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1201 <listitem>
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1202 <para>
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1203 Cause section SECT to load at base address BASE. This will be prepended
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1204 to the built-in link script. It is ignored if a link script is provided.
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1205 </para>
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1206 </listitem>
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1207 </varlistentry>
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1208
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1209 <varlistentry>
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1210 <term><option>--map=FILE</option></term>
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1211 <term><option>-m FILE</option></term>
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1212 <listitem>
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1213 <para>
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1214 This will output a description of the link result to FILE.
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1215 </para>
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1216 </listitem>
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1217 </varlistentry>
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1218
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1219 <varlistentry>
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diff changeset
1220 <term><option>--library=LIBSPEC</option></term>
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1221 <term><option>-l LIBSPEC</option></term>
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diff changeset
1222 <listitem>
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1223 <para>
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1224 Load a library using the library search path. LIBSPEC will have "lib" prepended
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1225 and ".a" appended.
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1226 </para>
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1227 </listitem>
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1228 </varlistentry>
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1229
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diff changeset
1230 <varlistentry>
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diff changeset
1231 <term><option>--library-path=DIR</option></term>
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diff changeset
1232 <term><option>-L DIR</option></term>
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diff changeset
1233 <listitem>
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1234 <para>
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1235 Add DIR to the library search path.
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diff changeset
1236 </para>
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1237 </listitem>
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1238 </varlistentry>
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1239
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1240 <varlistentry>
150
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1241 <term><option>--debug</option></term>
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1242 <term><option>-d</option></term>
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1243 <listitem>
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1244 <para>
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1245 This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS
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1246 developers.
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1247 </para>
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1248 </listitem>
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1249 </varlistentry>
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1250
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1251 <varlistentry>
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1252 <term><option>--help</option></term>
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1253 <term><option>-?</option></term>
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1254 <listitem>
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1255 <para>
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1256 This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description
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1257 of each.
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1258 </para>
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1259 </listitem>
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1260 </varlistentry>
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1261
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1262 <varlistentry>
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1263 <term><option>--usage</option></term>
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1264 <listitem>
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1265 <para>
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1266 This will display a usage summary.
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1267 of each.
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1268 </para>
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1269 </listitem>
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1270 </varlistentry>
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1271
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1272
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1273 <varlistentry>
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1274 <term><option>--version</option></term>
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1275 <term><option>-V</option></term>
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1276 <listitem>
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1277 <para>
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1278 This will display the version of LWLINK.
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1279 </para>
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1280 </listitem>
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1281 </varlistentry>
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1282
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1283 </section>
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1284
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1285 <section>
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1286 <title>Linker Operation</title>
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1287
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1288 <para>
175
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1289
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1290 LWLINK takes one or more files in supported input formats and links them
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1291 into a single binary. Currently supported formats are the LWTOOLS object
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1292 file format and the archive format used by LWAR. While the precise method is
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1293 slightly different, linking can be conceptualized as the following steps.
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1294
150
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1295 </para>
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1296
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1297 <orderedlist>
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1298 <listitem>
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1299 <para>
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1300 First, the linker loads a linking script. If no script is specified, it
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1301 loads a built-in default script based on the output format selected. This
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1302 script tells the linker how to lay out the various sections in the final
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1303 binary.
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1304 </para>
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1305 </listitem>
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1306
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1307 <listitem>
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1308 <para>
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1309 Next, the linker reads all the input files into memory. At this time, it
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1310 flags any format errors in those files. It constructs a table of symbols
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1311 for each object at this time.
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1312 </para>
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1313 </listitem>
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1314
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1315 <listitem>
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1316 <para>
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1317 The linker then proceeds with organizing the sections loaded from each file
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1318 according to the linking script. As it does so, it is able to assign addresses
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1319 to each symbol defined in each object file. At this time, the linker may
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1320 also collapse different instances of the same section name into a single
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1321 section by appending the data from each subsequent instance of the section
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1322 to the first instance of the section.
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1323 </para>
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1324 </listitem>
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1325
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1326 <listitem>
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1327 <para>
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1328 Next, the linker looks through every object file for every incomplete reference.
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1329 It then attempts to fully resolve that reference. If it cannot do so, it
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1330 throws an error. Once a reference is resolved, the value is placed into
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1331 the binary code at the specified section. It should be noted that an
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1332 incomplete reference can reference either a symbol internal to the object
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1333 file or an external symbol which is in the export list of another object
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1334 file.
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1335 </para>
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1336 </listitem>
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1337
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1338 <listitem>
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1339 <para>
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1340 If all of the above steps are successful, the linker opens the output file
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1341 and actually constructs the binary.
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1342 </para>
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1343 </listitem>
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1344 </orderedlist>
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1345
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1346 </section>
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1347
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1348 <section
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1349 <title>Linking Scripts</title>
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1350 <para>
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1351 A linker script is used to instruct the linker about how to assemble the
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1352 various sections into a completed binary. It consists of a series of
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1353 directives which are considered in the order they are encountered.
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1354 </para>
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1355 <para>
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1356 The sections will appear in the resulting binary in the order they are
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1357 specified in the script file. If a referenced section is not found, the linker will behave as though the
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1358 section did exist but had a zero size, no relocations, and no exports.
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1359 A section should only be referenced once. Any subsequent references will have
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1360 an undefined effect.
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1361 </para>
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1362
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1363 <para>
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1364 All numbers are in linking scripts are specified in hexadecimal. All directives
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1365 are case sensitive although the hexadecimal numbers are not.
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1366 </para>
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1367
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1368 <para>A section name can be specified as a "*", then any section not
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1369 already matched by the script will be matched. The "*" can be followed
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1370 by a comma and a flag to narrow the section down slightly, also.
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1371 If the flag is "!bss", then any section that is not flagged as a bss section
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1372 will be matched. If the flag is "bss", then any section that is flagged as
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1373 bss will be matched.
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1374 </para>
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1375
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1376 <para>The following directives are understood in a linker script.</para>
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1377 <variablelist>
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1378 <varlistentry>
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1379 <term>section <parameter>name</parameter> load <parameter>addr</parameter></term>
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1380 <listitem><para>
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1381
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1382 This causes the section <parameter>name</parameter> to load at
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1383 <parameter>addr</parameter>. For the raw target, only one "load at" entry is
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1384 allowed for non-bss sections and it must be the first one. For raw targets,
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1385 it affects the addresses the linker assigns to symbols but has no other
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1386 affect on the output. bss sections may all have separate load addresses but
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1387 since they will not appear in the binary anyway, this is okay.
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1388 </para><para>
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1389 For the decb target, each "load" entry will cause a new "block" to be
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1390 output to the binary which will contain the load address. It is legal for
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1391 sections to overlap in this manner - the linker assumes the loader will sort
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1392 everything out.
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1393 </para></listitem>
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1394 </varlistentry>
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1395
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1396 <varlistentry>
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1397 <term>section <parameter>name</parameter></term>
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1398 <listitem><para>
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1399
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1400 This will cause the section <parameter>name</parameter> to load after the previously listed
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1401 section.
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1402 </para></listitem></varlistentry>
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1403 <varlistentry>
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1404 <term>exec <parameter>addr or sym</parameter></term>
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1405 <listitem>
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1406 <para>
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1407 This will cause the execution address (entry point) to be the address
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1408 specified (in hex) or the specified symbol name. The symbol name must
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1409 match a symbol that is exported by one of the object files being linked.
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1410 This has no effect for targets that do not encode the entry point into the
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1411 resulting file. If not specified, the entry point is assumed to be address 0
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1412 which is probably not what you want. The default link scripts for targets
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1413 that support this directive automatically starts at the beginning of the
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1414 first section (usually "init" or "code") that is emitted in the binary.
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1415 </para>
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1416 </listitem>
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1417 </varlistentry>
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1418
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1419 <varlistentry>
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1420 <term>pad <parameter>size</parameter></term>
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1421 <listitem><para>
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1422 This will cause the output file to be padded with NUL bytes to be exactly
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1423 <parameter>size</parameter> bytes in length. This only makes sense for a raw target.
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1424 </para>
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1425 </listitem>
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1426 </varlistentry>
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1427 </variablelist>
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1428
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1429
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1430
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1431 </section>
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1432
145
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1433 </chapter>
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1434
175
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1435 <chapter>
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1436 <title>Libraries and LWAR</title>
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1437
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1438 <para>
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1439 LWTOOLS also includes a tool for managing libraries. These are analogous to
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1440 the static libraries created with the "ar" tool on POSIX systems. Each library
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1441 file contains one or more object files. The linker will treat the object
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1442 files within a library as though they had been specified individually on
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1443 the command line except when resolving external references. External references
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1444 are looked up first within the object files within the library and then, if
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1445 not found, the usual lookup based on the order the files are specified on
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1446 the command line occurs.
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1447 </para>
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1448
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1449 <para>
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1450 The tool for creating these libary files is called LWAR.
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1451 </para>
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1452
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1453 <section>
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1454 <title>Command Line Options</title>
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1455 <para>
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1456 The binary for LWAR is called "lwar". Note that the binary is in lower
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1457 case. The options lwar understands are listed below. For archive manipulation
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1458 options, the first non-option argument is the name of the archive. All other
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1459 non-option arguments are the names of files to operate on.
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1460 </para>
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1461
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1462 <variablelist>
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1463 <varlistentry>
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1464 <term><option>--add</option></term>
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1465 <term><option>-a</option></term>
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1466 <listitem>
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1467 <para>
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1468 This option specifies that an archive is going to have files added to it.
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1469 If the archive does not already exist, it is created. New files are added
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1470 to the end of the archive.
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1471 </para>
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1472 </listitem>
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1473 </varlistentry>
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1474
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1475 <varlistentry>
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1476 <term><option>--create</option></term>
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1477 <term><option>-c</option></term>
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1478 <listitem>
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1479 <para>
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1480 This option specifies that an archive is going to be created and have files
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1481 added to it. If the archive already exists, it is truncated.
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1482 </para>
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1483 </listitem>
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1484 </varlistentry>
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1485
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1486 <varlistentry>
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1487 <term><option>--merge</option></term>
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1488 <term><option>-m</option></term>
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1489 <listitem>
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1490 <para>
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1491 If specified, any files specified to be added to an archive will be checked
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1492 to see if they are archives themselves. If so, their constituent members are
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1493 added to the archive. This is useful for avoiding archives containing archives.
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1494 </para>
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1495 </listitem>
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1496 </varlistentry>
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1497
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1498 <varlistentry>
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1499 <term><option>--list</option></term>
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1500 <term><option>-l</option></term>
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1501 <listitem>
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1502 <para>
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1503 This will display a list of the files contained in the archive.
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1504 </para>
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1505 </listitem>
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1506 </varlistentry>
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1507
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1508 <varlistentry>
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1509 <term><option>--debug</option></term>
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1510 <term><option>-d</option></term>
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1511 <listitem>
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1512 <para>
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1513 This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS
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1514 developers.
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1515 </para>
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1516 </listitem>
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1517 </varlistentry>
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1518
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1519 <varlistentry>
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1520 <term><option>--help</option></term>
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1521 <term><option>-?</option></term>
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1522 <listitem>
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1523 <para>
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1524 This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description
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1525 of each.
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1526 </para>
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1527 </listitem>
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1528 </varlistentry>
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1529
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1530 <varlistentry>
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1531 <term><option>--usage</option></term>
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1532 <listitem>
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1533 <para>
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1534 This will display a usage summary.
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1535 of each.
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1536 </para>
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1537 </listitem>
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1538 </varlistentry>
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1539
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1540
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1541 <varlistentry>
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1542 <term><option>--version</option></term>
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1543 <term><option>-V</option></term>
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1544 <listitem>
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1545 <para>
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1546 This will display the version of LWLINK.
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1547 of each.
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1548 </para>
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1549 </listitem>
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1550 </varlistentry>
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1551
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1552 </section>
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1553
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1554 </chapter>
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1555
109
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1556 <chapter id="objchap">
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1557 <title>Object Files</title>
145
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1558 <para>
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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1559 LWTOOLS uses a proprietary object file format. It is proprietary in the sense
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1560 that it is specific to LWTOOLS, not that it is a hidden format. It would be
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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1561 hard to keep it hidden in an open source tool chain anyway. This chapter
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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1562 documents the object file format.
afe30454382f Made development version of LWASM be 2.1, not 3.0, because the next release will be an incremental feature release
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1563 </para>
150
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1564
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1565 <para>
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1566 An object file consists of a series of sections each of which contains a
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1567 list of exported symbols, a list of incomplete references, and a list of
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1568 "local" symbols which may be used in calculating incomplete references. Each
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1569 section will obviously also contain the object code.
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1570 </para>
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1571
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1572 <para>
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1573 Exported symbols must be completely resolved to an address within the
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1574 section it is exported from. That is, an exported symbol must be a constant
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1575 rather than defined in terms of other symbols.</para>
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1576
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1577 <para>
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1578 Each object file starts with a magic number and version number. The magic
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1579 number is the string "LWOBJ16" for this 16 bit object file format. The only
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1580 defined version number is currently 0. Thus, the first 8 bytes of the object
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1581 file are <code>4C574F424A313600</code>
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1582 </para>
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1583
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1584 <para>
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1585 Each section has the following items in order:
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1586 </para>
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1587
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1588 <itemizedlist>
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1589 <listitem><para>section name</para></listitem>
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1590 <listitem><para>flags</para></listitem>
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1591 <listitem><para>list of local symbols (and addresses within the section)</para></listitem>
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1592 <listitem><para>list of exported symbols (and addresses within the section)</para></listitem>
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1593 <listitem><para>list of incomplete references along with the expressions to calculate them</para></listitem>
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1594 <listitem><para>the actual object code (for non-BSS sections)</para></listitem>
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1595 </itemizedlist>
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1596
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1597 <para>
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1598 The section starts with the name of the section with a NUL termination
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1599 followed by a series of flag bytes terminated by NUL. There are only two
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1600 flag bytes defined. A NUL (0) indicates no more flags and a value of 1
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1601 indicates the section is a BSS section. For a BSS section, no actual
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1602 code is included in the object file.
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1603 </para>
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1604
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1605 <para>
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1606 Either a NULL section name or end of file indicate the presence of no more
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1607 sections.
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1608 </para>
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1609
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1610 <para>
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1611 Each entry in the exported and local symbols table consists of the symbol
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1612 (NUL terminated) followed by two bytes which contain the value in big endian
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1613 order. The end of a symbol table is indicated by a NULL symbol name.
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1614 </para>
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1615
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1616 <para>
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1617 Each entry in the incomplete references table consists of an expression
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1618 followed by a 16 bit offset where the reference goes. Expressions are
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1619 defined as a series of terms up to an "end of expression" term. Each term
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1620 consists of a single byte which identifies the type of term (see below)
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1621 followed by any data required by the term. Then end of the list is flagged
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1622 by a NULL expression (only an end of expression term).
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1623 </para>
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1624
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1625 <table frame="all"><title>Object File Term Types</title>
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1626 <tgroup cols="2">
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1627 <thead>
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1628 <row>
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1629 <entry>TERMTYPE</entry>
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1630 <entry>Meaning</entry>
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1631 </row>
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1632 </thead>
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1633 <tbody>
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1634 <row>
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1635 <entry>00</entry>
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1636 <entry>end of expression</entry>
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1637 </row>
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1638
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1639 <row>
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1640 <entry>01</entry>
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1641 <entry>integer (16 bit in big endian order follows)</entry>
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1642 </row>
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1643 <row>
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1644 <entry>02</entry>
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1645 <entry> external symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</entry>
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1646 </row>
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1647
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1648 <row>
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1649 <entry>03</entry>
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1650 <entry>local symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</entry>
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1651 </row>
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1652
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1653 <row>
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1654 <entry>04</entry>
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1655 <entry>operator (1 byte operator number)</entry>
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1656 </row>
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1657 <row>
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1658 <entry>05</entry>
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1659 <entry>section base address reference</entry>
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1660 </row>
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1661 </tbody>
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1662 </tgroup>
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1663 </table>
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1664
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1665 <para>
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1666 External references are resolved using other object files while local
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1667 references are resolved using the local symbol table(s) from this file. This
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1668 allows local symbols that are not exported to have the same names as
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1669 exported symbols or external references.
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1670 </para>
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1671
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1672 <table frame="all"><title>Object File Operator Numbers</title>
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1673 <tgroup cols="2">
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1674 <thead>
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1675 <row>
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1676 <entry>Number</entry>
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1677 <entry>Operator</entry>
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1678 </row>
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1679 </thead>
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1680 <tbody>
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1681 <row>
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1682 <entry>01</entry>
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1683 <entry>addition (+)</entry>
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1684 </row>
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1685 <row>
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1686 <entry>02</entry>
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1687 <entry>subtraction (-)</entry>
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1688 </row>
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1689 <row>
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1690 <entry>03</entry>
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1691 <entry>multiplication (*)</entry>
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1692 </row>
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1693 <row>
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1694 <entry>04</entry>
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1695 <entry>division (/)</entry>
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1696 </row>
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1697 <row>
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1698 <entry>05</entry>
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1699 <entry>modulus (%)</entry>
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1700 </row>
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1701 <row>
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1702 <entry>06</entry>
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1703 <entry>integer division (\) (same as division)</entry>
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1704 </row>
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1705
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1706 <row>
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1707 <entry>07</entry>
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1708 <entry>bitwise and</entry>
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1709 </row>
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1710
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1711 <row>
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1712 <entry>08</entry>
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1713 <entry>bitwise or</entry>
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1714 </row>
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1715
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1716 <row>
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1717 <entry>09</entry>
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1718 <entry>bitwise xor</entry>
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1719 </row>
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1720
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1721 <row>
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1722 <entry>0A</entry>
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1723 <entry>boolean and</entry>
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1724 </row>
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1725
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1726 <row>
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1727 <entry>0B</entry>
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1728 <entry>boolean or</entry>
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1729 </row>
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1730
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1731 <row>
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1732 <entry>0C</entry>
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1733 <entry>unary negation, 2's complement (-)</entry>
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1734 </row>
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1735
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1736 <row>
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1737 <entry>0D</entry>
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1738 <entry>unary 1's complement (^)</entry>
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1739 </row>
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1740 </tbody>
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1741 </tgroup>
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1742 </table>
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1743
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1744 <para>
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1745 An expression is represented in a postfix manner with both operands for
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1746 binary operators preceding the operator and the single operand for unary
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1747 operators preceding the operator.
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1748 </para>
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1749
109
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1750 </chapter>
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1751 </book>
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1752