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Add documentation for the FILL pseudo operation
author William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
date Wed, 30 Jan 2013 21:32:14 -0700
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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2 <HTML
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3 ><HEAD
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4 ><TITLE
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5 >Assembler Modes and Pragmas</TITLE
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6 ><META
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7 NAME="GENERATOR"
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
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9 REL="HOME"
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10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
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11 HREF="index.html"><LINK
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12 REL="UP"
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13 TITLE="LWASM"
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14 HREF="c45.html"><LINK
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15 REL="PREVIOUS"
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16 TITLE="Object Files and Sections"
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17 HREF="x535.html"><LINK
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18 REL="NEXT"
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19 TITLE="LWLINK"
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20 HREF="c693.html"></HEAD
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21 ><BODY
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22 CLASS="SECTION"
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23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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24 TEXT="#000000"
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25 LINK="#0000FF"
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26 VLINK="#840084"
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27 ALINK="#0000FF"
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28 ><DIV
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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30 ><TABLE
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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32 WIDTH="100%"
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33 BORDER="0"
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34 CELLPADDING="0"
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35 CELLSPACING="0"
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36 ><TR
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37 ><TH
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38 COLSPAN="3"
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39 ALIGN="center"
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH
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41 ></TR
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42 ><TR
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43 ><TD
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44 WIDTH="10%"
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45 ALIGN="left"
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46 VALIGN="bottom"
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47 ><A
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48 HREF="x535.html"
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49 ACCESSKEY="P"
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50 >Prev</A
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51 ></TD
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52 ><TD
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53 WIDTH="80%"
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54 ALIGN="center"
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55 VALIGN="bottom"
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
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57 ><TD
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58 WIDTH="10%"
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59 ALIGN="right"
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60 VALIGN="bottom"
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61 ><A
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62 HREF="c693.html"
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63 ACCESSKEY="N"
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64 >Next</A
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65 ></TD
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66 ></TR
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67 ></TABLE
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68 ><HR
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69 ALIGN="LEFT"
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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71 ><DIV
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72 CLASS="SECTION"
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73 ><H1
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74 CLASS="SECTION"
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75 ><A
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76 NAME="AEN599"
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77 >3.10. Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A
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78 ></H1
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79 ><P
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80 >There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed.
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81 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because
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82 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include
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83 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during
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84 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition,
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85 not portable between assemblers.</P
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86 ><P
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87 >LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or
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88 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by
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89 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives
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90 are as follows.</P
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91 ><P
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92 ></P
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93 ><DIV
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94 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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95 ><DL
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96 ><DT
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97 >PRAGMA <CODE
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98 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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99 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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100 ></DT
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101 ><DD
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102 ><P
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103 >Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <CODE
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104 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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105 >pragma</CODE
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106 >s
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107 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new
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108 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when
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109 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.</P
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110 ></DD
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111 ><DT
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112 >*PRAGMA <CODE
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113 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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114 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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115 ></DT
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116 ><DD
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117 ><P
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118 >This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with
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119 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting
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120 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not
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121 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required
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122 for correct functioning of the code.</P
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123 ></DD
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124 ><DT
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125 >*PRAGMAPUSH <CODE
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126 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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127 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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128 ></DT
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129 ><DD
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130 ><P
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131 >This directive saves the current state of the specified pragma(s) for later retrieval. See discussion below for more information.</P
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132 ><P
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133 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P
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134 ></DD
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135 ><DT
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136 >*PRAGMAPOP <CODE
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137 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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138 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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139 ></DT
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140 ><DD
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141 ><P
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142 >This directive restores the previously saved state of the specified pragma(s). See discussion below for more information.</P
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143 ><P
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144 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P
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145 ></DD
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146 ></DL
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147 ></DIV
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148 ><P
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149 >Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version.
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150 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables
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151 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed
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152 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". When only one version is
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153 listed below, its opposite can be obtained by prepending "no" if it is not
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154 present or removing "no" from the beginning if it is present.</P
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155 ><P
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156 >Pragmas are not case sensitive.</P
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157 ><P
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158 ></P
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159 ><DIV
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160 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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161 ><DL
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162 ><DT
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163 >index0tonone</DT
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164 ><DD
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165 ><P
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166 >When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing
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167 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is
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168 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent
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169 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages
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170 of this optimization, it is enabled by default.</P
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171 ></DD
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172 ><DT
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173 >cescapes</DT
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174 ><DD
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175 ><P
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176 >This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to
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177 have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official
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178 spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character
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179 immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely
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180 on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.</P
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181 ></DD
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182 ><DT
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183 >importundefexport</DT
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184 ><DD
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185 ><P
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186 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When
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187 in force, it will cause the EXPORT directive to act as IMPORT if the symbol
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188 to be exported is not defined. This is provided for compatibility with the
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189 output of gcc6809 and should not be used in hand written code. Because of
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190 the confusion this pragma can cause, it is disabled by default.</P
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191 ></DD
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192 ><DT
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193 >undefextern</DT
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194 ><DD
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195 ><P
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196 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in
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197 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will
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198 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will
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199 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is
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200 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising,
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201 this pragma defaults to off.</P
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202 ><P
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203 >The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of
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204 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate
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205 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler
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206 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source
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207 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol
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208 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an
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209 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)</P
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210 ><P
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211 >This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects.
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212 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient
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213 for one or two files to use this pragma internally.</P
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214 ></DD
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215 ><DT
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216 >export</DT
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217 ><DD
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218 ><P
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219 >This pragma causes all symbols to be added to the export list
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220 automatically. This is useful when a large number of symbols need to be
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221 exported but you do not wish to include an EXPORT directive for all of them.
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222 This is often useful on the command line but might be useful even inline
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223 with the PRAGMA directive if a large number of symbols in a row are to be
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224 exported.</P
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225 ></DD
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226 ><DT
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227 >dollarlocal</DT
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228 ><DD
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229 ><P
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230 >When set, a "$" in a symbol makes it local. When not set, "$" does not
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231 cause a symbol to be local. It is set by default except when using the OS9
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232 target.</P
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233 ></DD
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234 ><DT
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235 >dollarnotlocal</DT
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236 ><DD
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237 ><P
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238 > This is the same as the "dollarlocal" pragma except its sense is
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239 reversed. That is, "dollarlocal" and "nodollarnotlocal" are equivalent and
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240 "nodollarlocal" and "dollarnotlocal" are equivalent. </P
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241 ></DD
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242 ><DT
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243 >pcaspcr</DT
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244 ><DD
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245 ><P
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246 > Normally, LWASM makes a distinction between PC and PCR in program
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247 counter relative addressing. In particular, the use of PC means an absolute
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248 offset from PC while PCR causes the assembler to calculate the offset to the
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249 specified operand and use that as the offset from PC. By setting this
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250 pragma, you can have PC treated the same as PCR. </P
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251 ></DD
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252 ><DT
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253 >shadow</DT
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254 ><DD
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255 ><P
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256 >When this pragma is in effect, it becomes possible to define a macro
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257 that matches an internal operation code. Thus, it makes it possible to
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258 redefine either CPU instructions or pseudo operations. Because this feature
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259 is of dubious utility, it is disabled by default.</P
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260 ></DD
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261 ><DT
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262 >nolist</DT
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263 ><DD
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264 ><P
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265 >Lines where this pragma is in effect will not appear in the assembly
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266 listing. Also, any symbols defined under this pragma will not show up in
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267 the symbol list. This is most useful in include files to avoid spamming the
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268 assembly listing with dozens, hundreds, or thousands of irrelevant
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269 symbols.</P
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270 ></DD
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271 ><DT
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272 >autobranchlength</DT
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273 ><DD
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274 ><P
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275 >One of the perennial annoyances for 6809 programmers is that the
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276 mneumonics for the short and long branch instructions are different (bxx vs.
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277 lbxx), which is at odds with the rest of the instruction set. This pragma
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278 is a solution to those annoying byte overflow errors that short branch
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279 instructions tend to aquire.</P
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280 ><P
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281 >When this pragma is in effect, which is not the default, whenever any
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282 relative branch instruction is used, its size will be automatically
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283 determined based on the actual distance to the destination. In other words,
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284 one can write code with long or short branches everywhere and the assembler
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285 will choose a size for the branch.</P
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286 ><P
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287 >Also, while this pragma is in effect, the &#62; and &#60; symbols can be used
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288 to force the branch size, analogous to their use for other instructions with
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289 &#60; forcing 8 bit offsets and &#62; forcing 16 bit offets.</P
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290 ><P
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291 >Because this pragma leads to source that is incompatible with other
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292 assemblers, it is strongly recommended that it be invoked using the PRAGMA
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293 directive within the source code rather than on the command line or via the
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294 *PRAGMA directive. This way, an error will be raised if someone tries to
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295 assemble the code under a different assembler.</P
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296 ></DD
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297 ><DT
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298 >nosymbolcase, symbolnocase</DT
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299 ><DD
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300 ><P
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301 >Any symbol defined while this pragma is in force will be treated as
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302 case insensitive, regardless whether the pragma is in force when the symbol
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303 is referenced.</P
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304 ><P
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305 >It is important to note that this pragma will not work as expected in
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306 all cases when using the object file assembly target. It is intended for
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307 use only when the assembler will be producing the final binary.</P
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308 ></DD
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309 ><DT
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310 >condundefzero</DT
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311 ><DD
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312 ><P
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313 >This pragma will cause the assembler to change the way it handles
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314 symbols in conditional expressions. Ordinarily, any symbol that is not
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315 defined prior to the conditional will throw an undefined symbol error. With
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316 this pragma in effect, symbols that are not yet defined at the point the
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317 conditional is encountered will be treated as zero.</P
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318 ><P
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319 >This is not the default because it encourages poor code design. One
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320 should use the "IFDEF" or "IFNDEF" conditionals to test for the presence of
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321 a symbol.</P
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322 ><P
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323 >It is important to note that if a symbol is defined but it does not
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324 yet evaluate to a constant value at the point where the conditional appears,
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325 the assembler will still complain about a non constant condition.</P
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326 ></DD
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327 ></DL
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328 ></DIV
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329 ><P
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330 >As a convenience, each input file has a pragma state stack. This
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331 allows, through the use of *PRAGMAPUSH and *PRAGMAPOP, a file to change a
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332 pragma state and then restore it to the precise state it had previously.
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333 If, at the end of an input file, all pragma states have not been popped,
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334 they will be removed from the stack. Thus, it is critical to employ
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335 *PRAGMAPOP correctly. Because each input file has its own pragma stack,
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336 using *PRAGMAPUSH in one file and *PRAGMAPOP in another file will not
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337 work.</P
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338 ><P
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339 >Pragma stacks are more useful in include files, in particular in
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340 conjunction with the nolist pragma. One can push the state of the nolist
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341 pragma, engage the nolist pragma, and then pop the state of the nolist
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342 pragma at the end of the include file. This will cause the entire include
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343 file to operate under the nolist pragma. However, if the file is included
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344 while nolist is already engaged, it will not undo that state.</P
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345 ></DIV
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346 ><DIV
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347 CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
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348 ><HR
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349 ALIGN="LEFT"
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350 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
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351 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
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352 WIDTH="100%"
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353 BORDER="0"
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354 CELLPADDING="0"
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355 CELLSPACING="0"
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356 ><TR
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357 ><TD
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358 WIDTH="33%"
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359 ALIGN="left"
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360 VALIGN="top"
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361 ><A
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362 HREF="x535.html"
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363 ACCESSKEY="P"
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364 >Prev</A
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365 ></TD
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366 ><TD
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367 WIDTH="34%"
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368 ALIGN="center"
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369 VALIGN="top"
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370 ><A
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371 HREF="index.html"
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372 ACCESSKEY="H"
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373 >Home</A
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374 ></TD
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375 ><TD
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376 WIDTH="33%"
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377 ALIGN="right"
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378 VALIGN="top"
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379 ><A
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380 HREF="c693.html"
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381 ACCESSKEY="N"
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382 >Next</A
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383 ></TD
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384 ></TR
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385 ><TR
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386 ><TD
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387 WIDTH="33%"
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388 ALIGN="left"
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389 VALIGN="top"
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390 >Object Files and Sections</TD
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391 ><TD
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392 WIDTH="34%"
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393 ALIGN="center"
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394 VALIGN="top"
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395 ><A
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396 HREF="c45.html"
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397 ACCESSKEY="U"
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398 >Up</A
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399 ></TD
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400 ><TD
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401 WIDTH="33%"
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402 ALIGN="right"
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403 VALIGN="top"
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404 >LWLINK</TD
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405 ></TR
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406 ></TABLE
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407 ></DIV
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408 ></BODY
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409 ></HTML
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410 >