Mercurial > hg > index.cgi
annotate docs/manual/x591.html @ 231:2cc599f1bebf
Added --define to lwasm documentation.
Added documentation of the -D/--define command line option for lwasm. It has
been present for a long time but has somehow escaped documentation.
author | William Astle <lost@l-w.ca> |
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date | Sun, 15 Jul 2012 23:12:09 -0600 |
parents | |
children | ed1009bce533 |
rev | line source |
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> |
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2 <HTML |
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3 ><HEAD |
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4 ><TITLE |
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5 >Assembler Modes and Pragmas</TITLE |
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6 ><META |
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7 NAME="GENERATOR" |
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK |
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9 REL="HOME" |
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10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain" |
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11 HREF="index.html"><LINK |
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12 REL="UP" |
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13 TITLE="LWASM" |
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14 HREF="c45.html"><LINK |
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15 REL="PREVIOUS" |
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16 TITLE="Object Files and Sections" |
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17 HREF="x527.html"><LINK |
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18 REL="NEXT" |
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19 TITLE="LWLINK" |
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20 HREF="c681.html"></HEAD |
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21 ><BODY |
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22 CLASS="SECTION" |
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23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" |
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24 TEXT="#000000" |
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25 LINK="#0000FF" |
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26 VLINK="#840084" |
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27 ALINK="#0000FF" |
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28 ><DIV |
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER" |
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30 ><TABLE |
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table" |
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32 WIDTH="100%" |
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33 BORDER="0" |
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34 CELLPADDING="0" |
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35 CELLSPACING="0" |
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36 ><TR |
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37 ><TH |
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38 COLSPAN="3" |
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39 ALIGN="center" |
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH |
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41 ></TR |
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42 ><TR |
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43 ><TD |
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44 WIDTH="10%" |
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45 ALIGN="left" |
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46 VALIGN="bottom" |
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47 ><A |
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48 HREF="x527.html" |
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49 ACCESSKEY="P" |
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50 >Prev</A |
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51 ></TD |
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52 ><TD |
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53 WIDTH="80%" |
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54 ALIGN="center" |
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55 VALIGN="bottom" |
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD |
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57 ><TD |
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58 WIDTH="10%" |
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59 ALIGN="right" |
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60 VALIGN="bottom" |
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61 ><A |
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62 HREF="c681.html" |
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63 ACCESSKEY="N" |
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64 >Next</A |
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65 ></TD |
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66 ></TR |
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67 ></TABLE |
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68 ><HR |
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69 ALIGN="LEFT" |
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV |
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71 ><DIV |
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72 CLASS="SECTION" |
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73 ><H1 |
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74 CLASS="SECTION" |
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75 ><A |
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76 NAME="AEN591" |
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77 >3.10. Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A |
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78 ></H1 |
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79 ><P |
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80 >There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed. |
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81 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because |
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82 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include |
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83 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during |
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84 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition, |
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85 not portable between assemblers.</P |
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86 ><P |
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87 >LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or |
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88 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by |
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89 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives |
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90 are as follows.</P |
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91 ><P |
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92 ></P |
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93 ><DIV |
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94 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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95 ><DL |
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96 ><DT |
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97 >PRAGMA <CODE |
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98 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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99 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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100 ></DT |
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101 ><DD |
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102 ><P |
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103 >Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <CODE |
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104 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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105 >pragma</CODE |
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106 >s |
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107 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new |
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108 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when |
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109 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.</P |
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110 ></DD |
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111 ><DT |
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112 >*PRAGMA <CODE |
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113 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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114 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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115 ></DT |
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116 ><DD |
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117 ><P |
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118 >This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with |
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119 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting |
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120 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not |
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121 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required |
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122 for correct functioning of the code.</P |
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123 ></DD |
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124 ><DT |
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125 >*PRAGMAPUSH <CODE |
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126 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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127 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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128 ></DT |
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129 ><DD |
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130 ><P |
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131 >This directive saves the current state of the specified pragma(s) for later retrieval. See discussion below for more information.</P |
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132 ><P |
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133 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P |
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134 ></DD |
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135 ><DT |
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136 >*PRAGMAPOP <CODE |
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137 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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138 >pragma[,...]</CODE |
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139 ></DT |
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140 ><DD |
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141 ><P |
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142 >This directive restores the previously saved state of the specified pragma(s). See discussion below for more information.</P |
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143 ><P |
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144 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P |
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145 ></DD |
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146 ></DL |
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147 ></DIV |
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148 ><P |
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149 >Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version. |
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150 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables |
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151 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed |
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152 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". When only one version is |
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153 listed below, its opposite can be obtained by prepending "no" if it is not |
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154 present or removing "no" from the beginning if it is present.</P |
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155 ><P |
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156 >Pragmas are not case sensitive.</P |
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157 ><P |
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158 ></P |
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159 ><DIV |
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160 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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161 ><DL |
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162 ><DT |
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163 >index0tonone</DT |
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164 ><DD |
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165 ><P |
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166 >When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing |
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167 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is |
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168 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent |
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169 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages |
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170 of this optimization, it is enabled by default.</P |
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171 ></DD |
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172 ><DT |
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173 >cescapes</DT |
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174 ><DD |
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175 ><P |
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176 >This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to |
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177 have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official |
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178 spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character |
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179 immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely |
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180 on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.</P |
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181 ></DD |
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182 ><DT |
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183 >importundefexport</DT |
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184 ><DD |
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185 ><P |
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186 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When |
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187 in force, it will cause the EXPORT directive to act as IMPORT if the symbol |
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188 to be exported is not defined. This is provided for compatibility with the |
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189 output of gcc6809 and should not be used in hand written code. Because of |
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190 the confusion this pragma can cause, it is disabled by default.</P |
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|
191 ></DD |
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192 ><DT |
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|
193 >undefextern</DT |
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194 ><DD |
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195 ><P |
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196 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in |
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197 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will |
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198 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will |
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199 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is |
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200 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising, |
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|
201 this pragma defaults to off.</P |
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202 ><P |
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203 >The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of |
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204 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate |
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205 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler |
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206 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source |
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207 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol |
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208 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an |
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|
209 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)</P |
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210 ><P |
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211 >This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects. |
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212 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient |
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213 for one or two files to use this pragma internally.</P |
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|
214 ></DD |
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|
215 ><DT |
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|
216 >dollarlocal</DT |
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|
217 ><DD |
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218 ><P |
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219 >When set, a "$" in a symbol makes it local. When not set, "$" does not |
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|
220 cause a symbol to be local. It is set by default except when using the OS9 |
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|
221 target.</P |
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|
222 ></DD |
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|
223 ><DT |
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|
224 >dollarnotlocal</DT |
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|
225 ><DD |
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|
226 ><P |
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|
227 > This is the same as the "dollarlocal" pragma except its sense is |
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|
228 reversed. That is, "dollarlocal" and "nodollarnotlocal" are equivalent and |
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|
229 "nodollarlocal" and "dollarnotlocal" are equivalent. </P |
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|
230 ></DD |
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|
231 ><DT |
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|
232 >pcaspcr</DT |
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|
233 ><DD |
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|
234 ><P |
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|
235 > Normally, LWASM makes a distinction between PC and PCR in program |
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|
236 counter relative addressing. In particular, the use of PC means an absolute |
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|
237 offset from PC while PCR causes the assembler to calculate the offset to the |
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|
238 specified operand and use that as the offset from PC. By setting this |
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diff
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|
239 pragma, you can have PC treated the same as PCR. </P |
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|
240 ></DD |
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|
241 ><DT |
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|
242 >shadow</DT |
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|
243 ><DD |
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|
244 ><P |
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|
245 >When this pragma is in effect, it becomes possible to define a macro |
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|
246 that matches an internal operation code. Thus, it makes it possible to |
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|
247 redefine either CPU instructions or pseudo operations. Because this feature |
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|
248 is of dubious utility, it is disabled by default.</P |
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|
249 ></DD |
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|
250 ><DT |
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parents:
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|
251 >nolist</DT |
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|
252 ><DD |
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|
253 ><P |
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|
254 >Lines where this pragma is in effect will not appear in the assembly |
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|
255 listing. Also, any symbols defined under this pragma will not show up in |
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|
256 the symbol list. This is most useful in include files to avoid spamming the |
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parents:
diff
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|
257 assembly listing with dozens, hundreds, or thousands of irrelevant |
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parents:
diff
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|
258 symbols.</P |
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|
259 ></DD |
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|
260 ><DT |
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff
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|
261 >autobranchlength</DT |
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|
262 ><DD |
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|
263 ><P |
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|
264 >One of the perennial annoyances for 6809 programmers is that the |
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|
265 mneumonics for the short and long branch instructions are different (bxx vs. |
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|
266 lbxx), which is at odds with the rest of the instruction set. This pragma |
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parents:
diff
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|
267 is a solution to those annoying byte overflow errors that short branch |
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parents:
diff
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|
268 instructions tend to aquire.</P |
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|
269 ><P |
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|
270 >When this pragma is in effect, which is not the default, whenever any |
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parents:
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|
271 relative branch instruction is used, its size will be automatically |
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272 determined based on the actual distance to the destination. In other words, |
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273 one can write code with long or short branches everywhere and the assembler |
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274 will choose a size for the branch.</P |
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275 ><P |
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276 >Also, while this pragma is in effect, the > and < symbols can be used |
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277 to force the branch size, analogous to their use for other instructions with |
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278 < forcing 8 bit offsets and > forcing 16 bit offets.</P |
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279 ><P |
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280 >Because this pragma leads to source that is incompatible with other |
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281 assemblers, it is strongly recommended that it be invoked using the PRAGMA |
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282 directive within the source code rather than on the command line or via the |
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283 *PRAGMA directive. This way, an error will be raised if someone tries to |
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284 assemble the code under a different assembler.</P |
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285 ></DD |
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286 ><DT |
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287 >nosymbolcase, symbolnocase</DT |
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288 ><DD |
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289 ><P |
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290 >Any symbol defined while this pragma is in force will be treated as |
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291 case insensitive, regardless whether the pragma is in force when the symbol |
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292 is referenced.</P |
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293 ><P |
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294 >It is important to note that this pragma will not work as expected in |
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295 all cases when using the object file assembly target. It is intended for |
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296 use only when the assembler will be producing the final binary.</P |
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297 ></DD |
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298 ><DT |
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299 >condundefzero</DT |
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300 ><DD |
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301 ><P |
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302 >This pragma will cause the assembler to change the way it handles |
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303 symbols in conditional expressions. Ordinarily, any symbol that is not |
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304 defined prior to the conditional will throw an undefined symbol error. With |
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305 this pragma in effect, symbols that are not yet defined at the point the |
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306 conditional is encountered will be treated as zero.</P |
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307 ><P |
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308 >This is not the default because it encourages poor code design. One |
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309 should use the "IFDEF" or "IFNDEF" conditionals to test for the presence of |
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310 a symbol.</P |
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311 ><P |
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312 >It is important to note that if a symbol is defined but it does not |
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313 yet evaluate to a constant value at the point where the conditional appears, |
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314 the assembler will still complain about a non constant condition.</P |
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315 ></DD |
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316 ></DL |
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317 ></DIV |
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318 ><P |
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319 >As a convenience, each input file has a pragma state stack. This |
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320 allows, through the use of *PRAGMAPUSH and *PRAGMAPOP, a file to change a |
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321 pragma state and then restore it to the precise state it had previously. |
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322 If, at the end of an input file, all pragma states have not been popped, |
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323 they will be removed from the stack. Thus, it is critical to employ |
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324 *PRAGMAPOP correctly. Because each input file has its own pragma stack, |
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325 using *PRAGMAPUSH in one file and *PRAGMAPOP in another file will not |
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326 work.</P |
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327 ><P |
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328 >Pragma stacks are more useful in include files, in particular in |
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329 conjunction with the nolist pragma. One can push the state of the nolist |
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330 pragma, engage the nolist pragma, and then pop the state of the nolist |
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331 pragma at the end of the include file. This will cause the entire include |
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332 file to operate under the nolist pragma. However, if the file is included |
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333 while nolist is already engaged, it will not undo that state.</P |
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334 ></DIV |
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335 ><DIV |
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336 CLASS="NAVFOOTER" |
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337 ><HR |
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338 ALIGN="LEFT" |
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339 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE |
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340 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" |
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341 WIDTH="100%" |
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342 BORDER="0" |
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343 CELLPADDING="0" |
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344 CELLSPACING="0" |
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345 ><TR |
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346 ><TD |
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347 WIDTH="33%" |
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348 ALIGN="left" |
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349 VALIGN="top" |
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350 ><A |
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351 HREF="x527.html" |
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352 ACCESSKEY="P" |
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353 >Prev</A |
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354 ></TD |
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355 ><TD |
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356 WIDTH="34%" |
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357 ALIGN="center" |
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358 VALIGN="top" |
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359 ><A |
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360 HREF="index.html" |
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361 ACCESSKEY="H" |
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362 >Home</A |
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363 ></TD |
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|
364 ><TD |
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365 WIDTH="33%" |
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366 ALIGN="right" |
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367 VALIGN="top" |
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368 ><A |
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369 HREF="c681.html" |
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370 ACCESSKEY="N" |
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371 >Next</A |
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372 ></TD |
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373 ></TR |
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|
374 ><TR |
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375 ><TD |
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376 WIDTH="33%" |
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377 ALIGN="left" |
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378 VALIGN="top" |
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379 >Object Files and Sections</TD |
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380 ><TD |
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381 WIDTH="34%" |
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382 ALIGN="center" |
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383 VALIGN="top" |
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|
384 ><A |
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385 HREF="c45.html" |
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|
386 ACCESSKEY="U" |
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387 >Up</A |
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388 ></TD |
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389 ><TD |
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390 WIDTH="33%" |
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391 ALIGN="right" |
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392 VALIGN="top" |
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393 >LWLINK</TD |
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394 ></TR |
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|
395 ></TABLE |
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396 ></DIV |
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397 ></BODY |
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398 ></HTML |
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399 > |