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Document the forwardrefmax pragma Since the forwardrefmax is useful for combatting huge assembly times in many sources, actually document it so people can find it.
author William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
date Thu, 09 Apr 2015 12:51:02 -0600
parents 507f442dc71e
children
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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2 <HTML
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3 ><HEAD
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4 ><TITLE
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5 >Assembler Modes and Pragmas</TITLE
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6 ><META
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7 NAME="GENERATOR"
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
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9 REL="HOME"
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10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
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11 HREF="index.html"><LINK
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12 REL="UP"
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13 TITLE="LWASM"
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14 HREF="c62.html"><LINK
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15 REL="PREVIOUS"
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16 TITLE="Object Files and Sections"
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17 HREF="x564.html"><LINK
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18 REL="NEXT"
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19 TITLE="LWLINK"
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20 HREF="c734.html"></HEAD
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21 ><BODY
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22 CLASS="SECTION"
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23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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24 TEXT="#000000"
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25 LINK="#0000FF"
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26 VLINK="#840084"
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27 ALINK="#0000FF"
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28 ><DIV
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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30 ><TABLE
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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32 WIDTH="100%"
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33 BORDER="0"
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34 CELLPADDING="0"
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35 CELLSPACING="0"
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36 ><TR
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37 ><TH
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38 COLSPAN="3"
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39 ALIGN="center"
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH
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41 ></TR
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42 ><TR
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43 ><TD
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44 WIDTH="10%"
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45 ALIGN="left"
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46 VALIGN="bottom"
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47 ><A
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48 HREF="x564.html"
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49 ACCESSKEY="P"
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50 >Prev</A
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51 ></TD
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52 ><TD
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53 WIDTH="80%"
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54 ALIGN="center"
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55 VALIGN="bottom"
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
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57 ><TD
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58 WIDTH="10%"
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59 ALIGN="right"
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60 VALIGN="bottom"
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61 ><A
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62 HREF="c734.html"
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63 ACCESSKEY="N"
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64 >Next</A
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65 ></TD
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66 ></TR
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67 ></TABLE
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68 ><HR
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69 ALIGN="LEFT"
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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71 ><DIV
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72 CLASS="SECTION"
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73 ><H1
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74 CLASS="SECTION"
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75 ><A
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76 NAME="AEN628"
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77 >3.10. Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A
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78 ></H1
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79 ><P
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80 >There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed.
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81 Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because
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82 they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include
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83 such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during
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84 the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition,
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85 not portable between assemblers.</P
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86 ><P
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87 >LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or
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88 otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by
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89 way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives
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90 are as follows.</P
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91 ><P
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92 ></P
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93 ><DIV
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94 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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95 ><DL
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96 ><DT
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97 >PRAGMA <CODE
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98 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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99 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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100 ></DT
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101 ><DD
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102 ><P
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103 >Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <CODE
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104 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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105 >pragma</CODE
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106 >s
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107 specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new
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108 pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when
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109 the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.</P
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110 ></DD
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111 ><DT
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112 >*PRAGMA <CODE
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113 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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114 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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115 ></DT
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116 ><DD
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117 ><P
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118 >This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with
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119 unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting
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120 with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not
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121 support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required
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122 for correct functioning of the code.</P
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123 ></DD
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124 ><DT
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125 >*PRAGMAPUSH <CODE
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126 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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127 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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128 ></DT
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129 ><DD
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130 ><P
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131 >This directive saves the current state of the specified pragma(s) for later retrieval. See discussion below for more information.</P
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132 ><P
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133 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P
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134 ></DD
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135 ><DT
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136 >*PRAGMAPOP <CODE
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137 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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138 >pragma[,...]</CODE
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139 ></DT
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140 ><DD
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141 ><P
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142 >This directive restores the previously saved state of the specified pragma(s). See discussion below for more information.</P
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143 ><P
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144 >This directive will not throw any errors for any reason.</P
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145 ></DD
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146 ></DL
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147 ></DIV
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148 ><P
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149 >Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version.
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150 The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables
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151 it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed
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152 to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". When only one version is
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153 listed below, its opposite can be obtained by prepending "no" if it is not
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154 present or removing "no" from the beginning if it is present.</P
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155 ><P
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156 >Pragmas are not case sensitive.</P
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157 ><P
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158 ></P
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159 ><DIV
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160 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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161 ><DL
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162 ><DT
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163 >6800compat</DT
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164 ><DD
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165 ><P
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166 >When in force, this pragma enables recognition of various
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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167 compatibility instructions useful when assembling 6800 code. These
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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168 compatibility instructions are assembled into equivalent 6809 instructions.
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169 This mode also includes several analogous instructions which are not
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170 strictly 6800 instructions but allow the similar style to be applied to 6809
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171 specific features.</P
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172 ><P
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173 >Technically, a compliant 6809 assembler must recognize these
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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174 instructions by default since Motorola advertised the 6809 as being source
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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175 compatible with the 6800. However, most source code does not require this
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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176 compatibility and LWASM itself did not support these instructions prior to
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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177 version 4.11 so this mode is disabled by default.</P
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178 ></DD
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179 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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180 >index0tonone</DT
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181 ><DD
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182 ><P
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183 >When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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184 modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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185 not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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186 no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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187 of this optimization, it is enabled by default.</P
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188 ></DD
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189 ><DT
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190 >cescapes</DT
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191 ><DD
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192 ><P
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193 >This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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194 have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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195 spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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196 immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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197 on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.</P
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198 ></DD
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199 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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200 >importundefexport</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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201 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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202 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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203 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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204 in force, it will cause the EXPORT directive to act as IMPORT if the symbol
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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205 to be exported is not defined. This is provided for compatibility with the
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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206 output of gcc6809 and should not be used in hand written code. Because of
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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207 the confusion this pragma can cause, it is disabled by default.</P
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208 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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209 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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210 >undefextern</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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211 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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212 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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213 >This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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214 force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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215 automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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216 apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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217 subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising,
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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218 this pragma defaults to off.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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219 ><P
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220 >The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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221 symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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222 all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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223 and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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224 module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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225 if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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226 automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)</P
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227 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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228 >This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects.
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229 However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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230 for one or two files to use this pragma internally.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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231 ></DD
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232 ><DT
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233 >export</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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234 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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235 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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236 >This pragma causes all symbols to be added to the export list
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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237 automatically. This is useful when a large number of symbols need to be
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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238 exported but you do not wish to include an EXPORT directive for all of them.
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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239 This is often useful on the command line but might be useful even inline
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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240 with the PRAGMA directive if a large number of symbols in a row are to be
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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241 exported.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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242 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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243 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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244 >dollarlocal</DT
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245 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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246 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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247 >When set, a "$" in a symbol makes it local. When not set, "$" does not
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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248 cause a symbol to be local. It is set by default except when using the OS9
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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249 target.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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250 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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251 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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252 >dollarnotlocal</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
253 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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254 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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255 > This is the same as the "dollarlocal" pragma except its sense is
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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256 reversed. That is, "dollarlocal" and "nodollarnotlocal" are equivalent and
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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257 "nodollarlocal" and "dollarnotlocal" are equivalent. </P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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258 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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259 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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260 >pcaspcr</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
261 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
262 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
263 > Normally, LWASM makes a distinction between PC and PCR in program
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
264 counter relative addressing. In particular, the use of PC means an absolute
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
265 offset from PC while PCR causes the assembler to calculate the offset to the
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
266 specified operand and use that as the offset from PC. By setting this
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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267 pragma, you can have PC treated the same as PCR. </P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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268 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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269 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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270 >shadow</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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271 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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272 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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273 >When this pragma is in effect, it becomes possible to define a macro
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
274 that matches an internal operation code. Thus, it makes it possible to
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
275 redefine either CPU instructions or pseudo operations. Because this feature
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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276 is of dubious utility, it is disabled by default.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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277 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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278 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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279 >nolist</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
280 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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281 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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282 >Lines where this pragma is in effect will not appear in the assembly
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
283 listing. Also, any symbols defined under this pragma will not show up in
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
284 the symbol list. This is most useful in include files to avoid spamming the
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
285 assembly listing with dozens, hundreds, or thousands of irrelevant
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
286 symbols.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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287 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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288 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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289 >autobranchlength</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
290 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
291 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
292 >One of the perennial annoyances for 6809 programmers is that the
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
293 mneumonics for the short and long branch instructions are different (bxx vs.
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
294 lbxx), which is at odds with the rest of the instruction set. This pragma
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
295 is a solution to those annoying byte overflow errors that short branch
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
296 instructions tend to aquire.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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297 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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298 >When this pragma is in effect, which is not the default, whenever any
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
299 relative branch instruction is used, its size will be automatically
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
300 determined based on the actual distance to the destination. In other words,
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
301 one can write code with long or short branches everywhere and the assembler
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
302 will choose a size for the branch.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
303 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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304 >Also, while this pragma is in effect, the &#62; and &#60; symbols can be used
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
305 to force the branch size, analogous to their use for other instructions with
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
306 &#60; forcing 8 bit offsets and &#62; forcing 16 bit offets.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
307 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
308 >Because this pragma leads to source that is incompatible with other
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
309 assemblers, it is strongly recommended that it be invoked using the PRAGMA
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
310 directive within the source code rather than on the command line or via the
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
311 *PRAGMA directive. This way, an error will be raised if someone tries to
507f442dc71e Add support for 6800 compatibility instructions.
William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
312 assemble the code under a different assembler.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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313 ></DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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314 ><DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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315 >nosymbolcase, symbolnocase</DT
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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316 ><DD
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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317 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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318 >Any symbol defined while this pragma is in force will be treated as
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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319 case insensitive, regardless whether the pragma is in force when the symbol
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
diff changeset
320 is referenced.</P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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321 ><P
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
parents:
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322 >It is important to note that this pragma will not work as expected in
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William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
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323 all cases when using the object file assembly target. It is intended for
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324 use only when the assembler will be producing the final binary.</P
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325 ></DD
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326 ><DT
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327 >condundefzero</DT
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328 ><DD
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329 ><P
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330 >This pragma will cause the assembler to change the way it handles
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331 symbols in conditional expressions. Ordinarily, any symbol that is not
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332 defined prior to the conditional will throw an undefined symbol error. With
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333 this pragma in effect, symbols that are not yet defined at the point the
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334 conditional is encountered will be treated as zero.</P
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335 ><P
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336 >This is not the default because it encourages poor code design. One
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337 should use the "IFDEF" or "IFNDEF" conditionals to test for the presence of
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338 a symbol.</P
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339 ><P
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340 >It is important to note that if a symbol is defined but it does not
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341 yet evaluate to a constant value at the point where the conditional appears,
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342 the assembler will still complain about a non constant condition.</P
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343 ></DD
347
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344 ><DT
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345 >forwardrefmax</DT
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346 ><DD
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347 ><P
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348 >This pragma will disable forward reference optimization completely.
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349 Ordinarily, LWASM will attempt to select the shortest possible addressing
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350 mode for forward references. However, in many source files, especially
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351 those not using the PCR relative addressing modes, this optimization is
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352 pointless since the assembler will almost certainly settle on a 16 bit
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353 offset or address. If all variables in the direct page are defined before
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354 the main body of the code, the benefit of forward reference optimization
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355 almost certainly vanishes completely. However, the cost of doing that
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356 optimization remains and can result in a very long assembly time.</P
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357 ><P
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358 >Enabling this pragma will cause all forward references to use the
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359 maximum offset or address size, much the same has EDTASM and other pure
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360 two pass assemblers do. The side effect is that all line lengths and
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361 symbol values are fully resolved after the initial parsing pass and the
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362 amount of work to resolve everything becomes almost nil.</P
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363 ><P
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364 >While this pragma can be applied selectively to sections of source
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365 code (use *PRAGMA if doing so and compatibility with other assemblers
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366 is desired), it is likely more useful when provided as a command line
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367 pragma.</P
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368 ><P
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369 >It should be noted that the presence or absence of this pragma
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370 will not change the correctness of the generated code unless cycle counts
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371 or byte counts are critical (which they usually are not). It also will
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372 not override the operand size override prefixes (&lt; and &gt;). It only
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373 applies when the assembler is left to guess what the operand size is.</P
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374 ></DD
333
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375 ></DL
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376 ></DIV
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377 ><P
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378 >As a convenience, each input file has a pragma state stack. This
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379 allows, through the use of *PRAGMAPUSH and *PRAGMAPOP, a file to change a
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380 pragma state and then restore it to the precise state it had previously.
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381 If, at the end of an input file, all pragma states have not been popped,
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382 they will be removed from the stack. Thus, it is critical to employ
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383 *PRAGMAPOP correctly. Because each input file has its own pragma stack,
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384 using *PRAGMAPUSH in one file and *PRAGMAPOP in another file will not
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385 work.</P
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386 ><P
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387 >Pragma stacks are more useful in include files, in particular in
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388 conjunction with the nolist pragma. One can push the state of the nolist
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389 pragma, engage the nolist pragma, and then pop the state of the nolist
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390 pragma at the end of the include file. This will cause the entire include
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391 file to operate under the nolist pragma. However, if the file is included
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392 while nolist is already engaged, it will not undo that state.</P
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393 ></DIV
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394 ><DIV
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395 CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
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396 ><HR
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397 ALIGN="LEFT"
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398 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
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399 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
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400 WIDTH="100%"
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401 BORDER="0"
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402 CELLPADDING="0"
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403 CELLSPACING="0"
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404 ><TR
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405 ><TD
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406 WIDTH="33%"
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407 ALIGN="left"
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408 VALIGN="top"
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409 ><A
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410 HREF="x564.html"
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411 ACCESSKEY="P"
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412 >Prev</A
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413 ></TD
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414 ><TD
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415 WIDTH="34%"
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416 ALIGN="center"
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417 VALIGN="top"
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418 ><A
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419 HREF="index.html"
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420 ACCESSKEY="H"
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421 >Home</A
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422 ></TD
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423 ><TD
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424 WIDTH="33%"
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425 ALIGN="right"
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426 VALIGN="top"
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427 ><A
347
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428 HREF="c734.html"
333
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429 ACCESSKEY="N"
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430 >Next</A
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431 ></TD
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432 ></TR
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433 ><TR
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434 ><TD
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435 WIDTH="33%"
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436 ALIGN="left"
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437 VALIGN="top"
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438 >Object Files and Sections</TD
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439 ><TD
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440 WIDTH="34%"
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441 ALIGN="center"
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442 VALIGN="top"
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443 ><A
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444 HREF="c62.html"
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445 ACCESSKEY="U"
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446 >Up</A
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447 ></TD
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448 ><TD
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449 WIDTH="33%"
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450 ALIGN="right"
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451 VALIGN="top"
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452 >LWLINK</TD
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453 ></TR
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454 ></TABLE
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455 ></DIV
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456 ></BODY
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457 ></HTML
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458 >