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annotate docs/manual/x606.html @ 489:52af0aa54fe5
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author | William Astle <lost@l-w.ca> |
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date | Fri, 03 May 2019 20:06:17 -0600 |
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> |
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2 <HTML |
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3 ><HEAD |
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4 ><TITLE |
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5 >Object Files and Sections</TITLE |
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6 ><META |
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7 NAME="GENERATOR" |
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK |
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9 REL="HOME" |
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10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain" |
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11 HREF="index.html"><LINK |
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12 REL="UP" |
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13 TITLE="LWASM" |
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14 HREF="c62.html"><LINK |
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15 REL="PREVIOUS" |
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16 TITLE="Structures" |
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17 HREF="x585.html"><LINK |
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18 REL="NEXT" |
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19 TITLE="Assembler Modes and Pragmas" |
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20 HREF="x670.html"></HEAD |
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21 ><BODY |
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22 CLASS="SECTION" |
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23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" |
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24 TEXT="#000000" |
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25 LINK="#0000FF" |
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26 VLINK="#840084" |
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27 ALINK="#0000FF" |
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28 ><DIV |
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER" |
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30 ><TABLE |
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table" |
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32 WIDTH="100%" |
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33 BORDER="0" |
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34 CELLPADDING="0" |
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35 CELLSPACING="0" |
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36 ><TR |
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37 ><TH |
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38 COLSPAN="3" |
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39 ALIGN="center" |
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH |
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41 ></TR |
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42 ><TR |
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43 ><TD |
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44 WIDTH="10%" |
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45 ALIGN="left" |
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46 VALIGN="bottom" |
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47 ><A |
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48 HREF="x585.html" |
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49 ACCESSKEY="P" |
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50 >Prev</A |
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51 ></TD |
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52 ><TD |
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53 WIDTH="80%" |
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54 ALIGN="center" |
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55 VALIGN="bottom" |
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD |
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57 ><TD |
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58 WIDTH="10%" |
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59 ALIGN="right" |
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60 VALIGN="bottom" |
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61 ><A |
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62 HREF="x670.html" |
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63 ACCESSKEY="N" |
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64 >Next</A |
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65 ></TD |
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66 ></TR |
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67 ></TABLE |
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68 ><HR |
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69 ALIGN="LEFT" |
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV |
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71 ><DIV |
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72 CLASS="SECTION" |
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73 ><H1 |
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74 CLASS="SECTION" |
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75 ><A |
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76 NAME="AEN606" |
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77 >3.9. Object Files and Sections</A |
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78 ></H1 |
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79 ><P |
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80 >The object file target is very useful for large project because it allows |
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81 multiple files to be assembled independently and then linked into the final |
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82 binary at a later time. It allows only the small portion of the project |
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83 that was modified to be re-assembled rather than requiring the entire set |
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84 of source code to be available to the assembler in a single assembly process. |
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85 This can be particularly important if there are a large number of macros, |
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86 symbol definitions, or other metadata that uses resources at assembly time. |
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87 By far the largest benefit, however, is keeping the source files small enough |
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88 for a mere mortal to find things in them.</P |
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89 ><P |
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90 >With multi-file projects, there needs to be a means of resolving references to |
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91 symbols in other source files. These are known as external references. The |
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92 addresses of these symbols cannot be known until the linker joins all the |
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93 object files into a single binary. This means that the assembler must be |
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94 able to output the object code without knowing the value of the symbol. This |
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95 places some restrictions on the code generated by the assembler. For |
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96 example, the assembler cannot generate direct page addressing for instructions |
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97 that reference external symbols because the address of the symbol may not |
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98 be in the direct page. Similarly, relative branches and PC relative addressing |
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99 cannot be used in their eight bit forms. Everything that must be resolved |
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100 by the linker must be assembled to use the largest address size possible to |
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101 allow the linker to fill in the correct value at link time. Note that the |
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102 same problem applies to absolute address references as well, even those in |
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103 the same source file, because the address is not known until link time.</P |
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104 ><P |
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105 >It is often desired in multi-file projects to have code of various types grouped |
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106 together in the final binary generated by the linker as well. The same applies |
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107 to data. In order for the linker to do that, the bits that are to be grouped |
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108 must be tagged in some manner. This is where the concept of sections comes in. |
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109 Each chunk of code or data is part of a section in the object file. Then, |
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110 when the linker reads all the object files, it coalesces all sections of the |
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111 same name into a single section and then considers it as a unit.</P |
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112 ><P |
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113 >The existence of sections, however, raises a problem for symbols even |
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114 within the same source file. Thus, the assembler must treat symbols from |
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115 different sections within the same source file in the same manner as external |
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116 symbols. That is, it must leave them for the linker to resolve at link time, |
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117 with all the limitations that entails.</P |
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118 ><P |
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119 >In the object file target mode, LWASM requires all source lines that |
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120 cause bytes to be output to be inside a section. Any directives that do |
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121 not cause any bytes to be output can appear outside of a section. This includes |
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122 such things as EQU or RMB. Even ORG can appear outside a section. ORG, however, |
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123 makes no sense within a section because it is the linker that determines |
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124 the starting address of the section's code, not the assembler.</P |
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125 ><P |
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126 >All symbols defined globally in the assembly process are local to the |
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127 source file and cannot be exported. All symbols defined within a section are |
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128 considered local to the source file unless otherwise explicitly exported. |
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129 Symbols referenced from external source files must be declared external, |
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130 either explicitly or by asking the assembler to assume that all undefined |
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131 symbols are external.</P |
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132 ><P |
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133 >It is often handy to define a number of memory addresses that will be |
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134 used for data at run-time but which need not be included in the binary file. |
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135 These memory addresses are not initialized until run-time, either by the |
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136 program itself or by the program loader, depending on the operating environment. |
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137 Such sections are often known as BSS sections. LWASM supports generating |
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138 sections with a BSS attribute set which causes the section definition including |
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139 symbols exported from that section and those symbols required to resolve |
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140 references from the local file, but with no actual code in the object file. |
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141 It is illegal for any source lines within a BSS flagged section to cause any |
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142 bytes to be output.</P |
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143 ><P |
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144 >The following directives apply to section handling.</P |
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145 ><P |
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146 ></P |
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147 ><DIV |
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148 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" |
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149 ><DL |
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150 ><DT |
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151 >SECTION <CODE |
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152 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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153 >name[,flags]</CODE |
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154 >, SECT <CODE |
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155 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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156 >name[,flags]</CODE |
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157 >, .AREA <CODE |
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158 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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159 >name[,flags]</CODE |
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160 ></DT |
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161 ><DD |
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162 ><P |
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163 >Instructs the assembler that the code following this directive is to be |
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164 considered part of the section <CODE |
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165 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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166 >name</CODE |
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167 >. A section name |
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168 may appear multiple times in which case it is as though all the code from |
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169 all the instances of that section appeared adjacent within the source file. |
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170 However, <CODE |
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171 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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172 >flags</CODE |
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173 > may only be specified on the first |
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174 instance of the section.</P |
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175 ><P |
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176 ><CODE |
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177 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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178 >flags</CODE |
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179 > is a comma separated list of flags. If a |
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180 flag is "bss", the section will be treated as a BSS section and no |
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181 statements that generate output are permitted.</P |
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182 ><P |
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183 >If the flag is "constant", |
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184 the same restrictions apply as for BSS sections. Additionally, all symbols |
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185 defined in a constant section define absolute values and will not be |
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186 adjusted by the linker at link time. Constant sections cannot define |
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187 complex expressions for symbols; the value must be fully defined at assembly |
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188 time. Additionally, multiple instances of a constant section do not |
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189 coalesce into a single addressing unit; each instance starts again at offset |
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190 0.</P |
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191 ><P |
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192 >If the section name is "bss" or ".bss" in any combination of upper and |
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193 lower case, the section is assumed to be a BSS section. In that case, |
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194 the flag <CODE |
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195 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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196 >!bss</CODE |
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197 > can be used to override this assumption.</P |
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198 ><P |
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199 > If the section name is "_constants" or "_constant", in any |
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200 combination of upper and lower case, the section is assumed to be a constant |
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201 section. This assumption can be overridden with the "!constant" |
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202 flag.</P |
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203 ><P |
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204 >If assembly is already happening within a section, the section is implicitly |
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205 ended and the new section started. This is not considered an error although |
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206 it is recommended that all sections be explicitly closed.</P |
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207 ></DD |
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208 ><DT |
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209 >ENDSECTION, ENDSECT</DT |
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210 ><DD |
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211 ><P |
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212 >This directive ends the current section. This puts assembly outside of any |
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213 sections until the next SECTION directive. ENDSECTION is the preferred form. |
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214 Prior to version 3.0 of LWASM, ENDS could also be used to end a section but |
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215 as of version 3.0, it is now an alias for ENDSTRUCT instead.</P |
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216 ></DD |
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217 ><DT |
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218 ><CODE |
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219 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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220 >sym</CODE |
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221 > EXTERN, <CODE |
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222 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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223 >sym</CODE |
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224 > EXTERNAL, <CODE |
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225 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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226 >sym</CODE |
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227 > IMPORT</DT |
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228 ><DD |
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229 ><P |
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230 >This directive defines <CODE |
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231 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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232 >sym</CODE |
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233 > as an external symbol. |
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234 This directive may occur at any point in the source code. EXTERN definitions |
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235 are resolved on the first pass so an EXTERN definition anywhere in the |
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236 source file is valid for the entire file. The use of this directive is |
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237 optional when the assembler is instructed to assume that all undefined |
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238 symbols are external. In fact, in that mode, if the symbol is referenced |
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239 before the EXTERN directive, an error will occur.</P |
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240 ></DD |
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241 ><DT |
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242 ><CODE |
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243 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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244 >sym</CODE |
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245 > EXPORT, <CODE |
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246 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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247 >sym</CODE |
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248 > .GLOBL, EXPORT <CODE |
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249 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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250 >sym</CODE |
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251 >, .GLOBL <CODE |
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252 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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253 >sym</CODE |
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254 ></DT |
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255 ><DD |
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256 ><P |
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257 >This directive defines <CODE |
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258 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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259 >sym</CODE |
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260 > as an exported symbol. |
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261 This directive may occur at any point in the source code, even before the |
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262 definition of the exported symbol.</P |
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263 ><P |
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264 >Note that <CODE |
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265 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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266 >sym</CODE |
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267 > may appear as the operand or as the |
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268 statement's symbol. If there is a symbol on the statement, that will |
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269 take precedence over any operand that is present.</P |
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270 ></DD |
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271 ><DT |
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272 ><CODE |
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273 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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274 >sym</CODE |
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275 > EXTDEP</DT |
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276 ><DD |
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277 ><P |
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278 >This directive forces an external dependency on |
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279 <CODE |
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280 CLASS="PARAMETER" |
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281 >sym</CODE |
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282 >, even if it is never referenced anywhere else in |
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283 this file.</P |
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284 ></DD |
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285 ></DL |
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286 ></DIV |
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287 ></DIV |
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288 ><DIV |
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289 CLASS="NAVFOOTER" |
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290 ><HR |
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291 ALIGN="LEFT" |
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292 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE |
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293 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" |
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294 WIDTH="100%" |
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295 BORDER="0" |
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296 CELLPADDING="0" |
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297 CELLSPACING="0" |
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298 ><TR |
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299 ><TD |
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300 WIDTH="33%" |
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301 ALIGN="left" |
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302 VALIGN="top" |
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303 ><A |
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304 HREF="x585.html" |
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305 ACCESSKEY="P" |
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306 >Prev</A |
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307 ></TD |
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308 ><TD |
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309 WIDTH="34%" |
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310 ALIGN="center" |
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311 VALIGN="top" |
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312 ><A |
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313 HREF="index.html" |
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314 ACCESSKEY="H" |
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315 >Home</A |
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316 ></TD |
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317 ><TD |
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318 WIDTH="33%" |
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319 ALIGN="right" |
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320 VALIGN="top" |
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321 ><A |
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322 HREF="x670.html" |
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323 ACCESSKEY="N" |
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324 >Next</A |
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325 ></TD |
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326 ></TR |
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327 ><TR |
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328 ><TD |
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329 WIDTH="33%" |
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330 ALIGN="left" |
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331 VALIGN="top" |
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332 >Structures</TD |
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333 ><TD |
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334 WIDTH="34%" |
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335 ALIGN="center" |
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336 VALIGN="top" |
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337 ><A |
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338 HREF="c62.html" |
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339 ACCESSKEY="U" |
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340 >Up</A |
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341 ></TD |
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342 ><TD |
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343 WIDTH="33%" |
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344 ALIGN="right" |
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345 VALIGN="top" |
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346 >Assembler Modes and Pragmas</TD |
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347 ></TR |
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348 ></TABLE |
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349 ></DIV |
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350 ></BODY |
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351 ></HTML |
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352 > |