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Update html and pdf documentation in preparation for release
author William Astle <lost@l-w.ca>
date Fri, 03 May 2019 20:06:17 -0600
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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+>Object Files and Sections</TITLE
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+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
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+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN606"
+>3.9. Object Files and Sections</A
+></H1
+><P
+>The object file target is very useful for large project because it allows
+multiple files to be assembled independently and then linked into the final
+binary at a later time. It allows only the small portion of the project
+that was modified to be re-assembled rather than requiring the entire set
+of source code to be available to the assembler in a single assembly process.
+This can be particularly important if there are a large number of macros,
+symbol definitions, or other metadata that uses resources at assembly time.
+By far the largest benefit, however, is keeping the source files small enough
+for a mere mortal to find things in them.</P
+><P
+>With multi-file projects, there needs to be a means of resolving references to
+symbols in other source files. These are known as external references. The
+addresses of these symbols cannot be known until the linker joins all the
+object files into a single binary. This means that the assembler must be
+able to output the object code without knowing the value of the symbol. This
+places some restrictions on the code generated by the assembler. For
+example, the assembler cannot generate direct page addressing for instructions
+that reference external symbols because the address of the symbol may not
+be in the direct page. Similarly, relative branches and PC relative addressing
+cannot be used in their eight bit forms. Everything that must be resolved
+by the linker must be assembled to use the largest address size possible to
+allow the linker to fill in the correct value at link time. Note that the
+same problem applies to absolute address references as well, even those in
+the same source file, because the address is not known until link time.</P
+><P
+>It is often desired in multi-file projects to have code of various types grouped
+together in the final binary generated by the linker as well. The same applies
+to data. In order for the linker to do that, the bits that are to be grouped
+must be tagged in some manner. This is where the concept of sections comes in.
+Each chunk of code or data is part of a section in the object file. Then,
+when the linker reads all the object files, it coalesces all sections of the
+same name into a single section and then considers it as a unit.</P
+><P
+>The existence of sections, however, raises a problem for symbols even
+within the same source file. Thus, the assembler must treat symbols from
+different sections within the same source file in the same manner as external
+symbols. That is, it must leave them for the linker to resolve at link time,
+with all the limitations that entails.</P
+><P
+>In the object file target mode, LWASM requires all source lines that
+cause bytes to be output to be inside a section. Any directives that do
+not cause any bytes to be output can appear outside of a section. This includes
+such things as EQU or RMB. Even ORG can appear outside a section. ORG, however,
+makes no sense within a section because it is the linker that determines
+the starting address of the section's code, not the assembler.</P
+><P
+>All symbols defined globally in the assembly process are local to the 
+source file and cannot be exported. All symbols defined within a section are
+considered local to the source file unless otherwise explicitly exported.
+Symbols referenced from external source files must be declared external,
+either explicitly or by asking the assembler to assume that all undefined
+symbols are external.</P
+><P
+>It is often handy to define a number of memory addresses that will be
+used for data at run-time but which need not be included in the binary file.
+These memory addresses are not initialized until run-time, either by the
+program itself or by the program loader, depending on the operating environment.
+Such sections are often known as BSS sections. LWASM supports generating
+sections with a BSS attribute set which causes the section definition including
+symbols exported from that section and those symbols required to resolve
+references from the local file, but with no actual code in the object file.
+It is illegal for any source lines within a BSS flagged section to cause any
+bytes to be output.</P
+><P
+>The following directives apply to section handling.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>SECTION <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name[,flags]</CODE
+>, SECT <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name[,flags]</CODE
+>, .AREA <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name[,flags]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Instructs the assembler that the code following this directive is to be
+considered part of the section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+>. A section name
+may appear multiple times in which case it is as though all the code from
+all the instances of that section appeared adjacent within the source file.
+However, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>flags</CODE
+> may only be specified on the first
+instance of the section.</P
+><P
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>flags</CODE
+> is a comma separated list of flags. If a
+flag is "bss", the section will be treated as a BSS section and no
+statements that generate output are permitted.</P
+><P
+>If the flag is "constant",
+the same restrictions apply as for BSS sections.  Additionally, all symbols
+defined in a constant section define absolute values and will not be
+adjusted by the linker at link time.  Constant sections cannot define
+complex expressions for symbols; the value must be fully defined at assembly
+time.  Additionally, multiple instances of a constant section do not
+coalesce into a single addressing unit; each instance starts again at offset
+0.</P
+><P
+>If the section name is "bss" or ".bss" in any combination of upper and
+lower case, the section is assumed to be a BSS section. In that case,
+the flag <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>!bss</CODE
+> can be used to override this assumption.</P
+><P
+> If the section name is "_constants" or "_constant", in any
+combination of upper and lower case, the section is assumed to be a constant
+section.  This assumption can be overridden with the "!constant"
+flag.</P
+><P
+>If assembly is already happening within a section, the section is implicitly
+ended and the new section started. This is not considered an error although
+it is recommended that all sections be explicitly closed.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ENDSECTION, ENDSECT</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive ends the current section. This puts assembly outside of any
+sections until the next SECTION directive. ENDSECTION is the preferred form.
+Prior to version 3.0 of LWASM, ENDS could also be used to end a section but
+as of version 3.0, it is now an alias for ENDSTRUCT instead.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EXTERN, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EXTERNAL, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> IMPORT</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive defines <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> as an external symbol.
+This directive may occur at any point in the source code. EXTERN definitions
+are resolved on the first pass so an EXTERN definition anywhere in the
+source file is valid for the entire file. The use of this directive is
+optional when the assembler is instructed to assume that all undefined
+symbols are external. In fact, in that mode, if the symbol is referenced
+before the EXTERN directive, an error will occur.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EXPORT, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> .GLOBL, EXPORT <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+>, .GLOBL <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive defines <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> as an exported symbol.
+This directive may occur at any point in the source code, even before the
+definition of the exported symbol.</P
+><P
+>Note that <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> may appear as the operand or as the
+statement's symbol. If there is a symbol on the statement, that will
+take precedence over any operand that is present.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EXTDEP</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive forces an external dependency on
+<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+>, even if it is never referenced anywhere else in
+this file.</P
+></DD
+></DL
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